Polarisation du videDans la théorie quantique des champs et plus précisément en électrodynamique quantique, la polarisation du vide est un processus où un champ électromagnétique modifie la répartition « spatiale » de paires électron virtuel-positron, lesquelles paires à leur tour modifient la répartition des charges et des courants initialement produits par le champ électromagnétique. Ses effets ont été expérimentalement observés en 1997 par l'accélérateur de particules japonais TRISTAN du centre de recherche KEK.
Partition function (quantum field theory)In quantum field theory, partition functions are generating functionals for correlation functions, making them key objects of study in the path integral formalism. They are the imaginary time versions of statistical mechanics partition functions, giving rise to a close connection between these two areas of physics. Partition functions can rarely be solved for exactly, although free theories do admit such solutions. Instead, a perturbative approach is usually implemented, this being equivalent to summing over Feynman diagrams.
Gauge fixingIn the physics of gauge theories, gauge fixing (also called choosing a gauge) denotes a mathematical procedure for coping with redundant degrees of freedom in field variables. By definition, a gauge theory represents each physically distinct configuration of the system as an equivalence class of detailed local field configurations. Any two detailed configurations in the same equivalence class are related by a gauge transformation, equivalent to a shear along unphysical axes in configuration space.
Anomalie (physique)En théorie quantique des champs, on dit qu'une symétrie de la théorie possède une anomalie (ou que la symétrie est anormale) lorsqu'elle est une invariance classique au niveau de l'action mais qu'elle est brisée une fois que la théorie est quantifiée. Plus précisément une anomalie survient lorsque le courant de Noether est conservé au niveau classique mais que les interactions quantiques brisent cette conservation. Cet article présente les différents types d'anomalies que l'on peut rencontrer en physique théorique.
Chromodynamique quantique sur réseauLa chromodynamique quantique sur réseau est une approche non-perturbative de la chromodynamique quantique (QCD) qui se base sur une discrétisation de l'espace-temps. C'est une théorie de jauge sur réseau formulée sur une grille ou réseau de points dans l'espace et le temps. Lorsqu'on fait tendre la taille du réseau vers l'infini et la maille du réseau vers zéro, on retrouve le continuum de la QCD. Il est difficile, voire impossible de trouver des solutions analytiques ou perturbatives de la QCD à basses énergies, de par la nature hautement non-linéaire de la force forte.
Quantum trivialityIn a quantum field theory, charge screening can restrict the value of the observable "renormalized" charge of a classical theory. If the only resulting value of the renormalized charge is zero, the theory is said to be "trivial" or noninteracting. Thus, surprisingly, a classical theory that appears to describe interacting particles can, when realized as a quantum field theory, become a "trivial" theory of noninteracting free particles. This phenomenon is referred to as quantum triviality.
Gluon field strength tensorIn theoretical particle physics, the gluon field strength tensor is a second order tensor field characterizing the gluon interaction between quarks. The strong interaction is one of the fundamental interactions of nature, and the quantum field theory (QFT) to describe it is called quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Quarks interact with each other by the strong force due to their color charge, mediated by gluons. Gluons themselves possess color charge and can mutually interact.
Lattice field theoryIn physics, lattice field theory is the study of lattice models of quantum field theory, that is, of field theory on a space or spacetime that has been discretised onto a lattice. Although most lattice field theories are not exactly solvable, they are of tremendous appeal because they can be studied by simulation on a computer, often using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. One hopes that, by performing simulations on larger and larger lattices, while making the lattice spacing smaller and smaller, one will be able to recover the behavior of the continuum theory as the continuum limit is approached.
Dimensional regularizationNOTOC In theoretical physics, dimensional regularization is a method introduced by Giambiagi and Bollini as well as – independently and more comprehensively – by 't Hooft and Veltman for regularizing integrals in the evaluation of Feynman diagrams; in other words, assigning values to them that are meromorphic functions of a complex parameter d, the analytic continuation of the number of spacetime dimensions. Dimensional regularization writes a Feynman integral as an integral depending on the spacetime dimension d and the squared distances (xi−xj)2 of the spacetime points xi, .
Phenomenology (physics)In physics, phenomenology is the application of theoretical physics to experimental data by making quantitative predictions based upon known theories. It is related to the philosophical notion of the same name in that these predictions describe anticipated behaviors for the phenomena in reality. Phenomenology stands in contrast with experimentation in the scientific method, in which the goal of the experiment is to test a scientific hypothesis instead of making predictions.
