Social construction of gender

Résumé

The social construction of gender is a theory in sociology about the manifestation of cultural origins, mechanisms, and corollaries of gender perception and expression in the context of interpersonal and group social interaction. Specifically, the social construction of gender theory stipulates that gender roles are an achieved "status" in a social environment, which implicitly and explicitly categorize people and therefore motivate social behaviors. Basic concepts Socialization#Gender socialization and Sociology of gender#Gender and socialization World Health Organization The World Health Organization (WHO) stated in 2023 that Gender refers to the characteristics of women, men, girls and boys that are socially constructed. This includes norms, behaviours and roles associated with being a woman, man, girl or boy, as well as relationships with each other. As a social construct, gender varies from society to society and can change over time. Status and hierarc

Source officielle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender

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Concepts of type and typology are not specific to architecture. Rather they represent an interdisciplinary approach to ordering knowledge and gaining insight. In the field of architecture, the study of types and typology offers a didactic perspective that allows us to see the complex network of inter-connections between theory and practice as an inseparable material and social construct. This publication is the result of a research project focused on dormitories as an architectural type, conducted at Laboratory EAST and produced in the frame of the teaching activities of the laboratory. Through a structured analysis, it unveils inherent knowledge of architectural solutions associated to the activity of sleeping collectively. The publication includes a theoretical framework with texts by Prof. Anja Fröhlich, Estelle Lépine, Arne Winkelmann, Tiago P. Borges and Vanessa Pointet.

EPFL Press2022

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Je n’ai rien vu à Tchernobyl : le difficile traitement de la mémoire et de l’histoire de la catastrophe en Ukraine

Lisa Maude Reitz

Dans une perspective ethnographique, l’auteure se fait guide et explore trois lieux dédiés à la catastrophe en Ukraine : le Musée Tchernobyl de Kiev, la « Zone interdite » autour de la centrale nucléaire et un site Internet à la mémoire de Pripyat, ville entièrement évacuée le 27 avril 1986. De par sa singularité, Tchernobyl interroge les questions du rapport au temps et à l’espace. Comment représenter un événement invisible, inodore, insipide et aux effets continus et durables ? Prenant Tchernobyl à la fois comme analyseur et révélateur, cette étude propose une réflexion en miroir sur la catastrophe en tant que construction discursive et sur les processus de construction du rapport à la mémoire. Au fil de la visite de ces lieux se dessine en creux une description tant de l’acte muséographique que de l’expérience même de toute mémoire. Hors du regard et hors du visible, la mémoire se renégocie, se modifie avec le temps mais, toujours, se conjugue au présent.

Institut d’ethnologie2011

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Providing and Optimizing a Robotic Construction Plan for Rescue Operations

Hadi Ardiny, Francesco Mondada, Stefan John Witwicki

After a terrible disaster such as an earthquake or a nuclear accident, finding victims and isolating them from hazards are usually the first priorities for rescuers. As the security of rescuers and the stabilization of the environment are critical components of the first rescue phase, we assume that robots could be used to secure the environment by performing construction tasks, to stabilize large structures, and/or protect the victims. In this paper we suggest an approach consisting of using mobile robots to construct protective walls on a site affected by a nuclear disaster. Protective walls can help to block radiation from toxic sources and protect both victims and rescuers. On the other hand, the robot’s vulnerability to radiation restricts its freedom of movements into unsafe regions. Therefore, building protective walls needs a plan (construction plan) that involves three competing objectives: victim safety, rescuer safety, and robot safety. Weighting these factors is a societal choice, is not trivial, and impacts the whole system. In this paper, we provide and optimize the construction plan using a genetic algorithm based on three objectives. We analyze the construction plan performance with respect to execution time. We also analyze the trade-offs involved between these competing objectives in different environments with ranging physical complexity (e.g., a number of victims or sources).

2015

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