Magnonics

Résumé

Magnonics is an emerging field of modern magnetism, which can be considered a sub-field of modern solid state physics. Magnonics combines the study of waves and magnetism. Its main aim is to investigate the behaviour of spin waves in nano-structure elements. In essence, spin waves are a propagating re-ordering of the magnetisation in a material and arise from the precession of magnetic moments. Magnetic moments arise from the orbital and spin moments of the electron, most often it is this spin moment that contributes to the net magnetic moment. Following the success of the modern hard disk, there is much current interest in future magnetic data storage and using spin waves for things such as 'magnonic' logic and data storage. Similarly, spintronics looks to utilize the inherent spin degree of freedom to complement the already successful charge property of the electron used in contemporary electronics. Modern magnetism is concerned with furthering the understanding of the behaviour of

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnonics

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Le 'spin' () est, en physique quantique, une des propriétés internes des particules, au même titre que la masse ou la charge électrique. Comme d'autres observables quantiques, sa mesure donne des val

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The topics covered by the course are concepts of fluid mechanics, waves, and electromagnetism.

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Electromagnetic metasurfaces modulate a material's response to electromagnetic waves by specifically arranged elements with dimensions below the wavelength. They have opened new fields of research, including flat optics and nanophotonics on a chip. Ferromagnetic metasurfaces could become the building blocks for manipulation of both microwaves and spin waves (magnons). So far, the functionality of magnonic devices has been limited by high intrinsic damping of the materials employed, suppressing long‐distance spin‐wave propagation. Here ferromagnetic metasurfaces are reported, which are created from periodic arrays of either 15 nm thick Co20Fe60B20, Ni80Fe20 or Co nanodisks on ferrimagnetic yttrium iron garnet (YIG) hosting topologically protected vortex states. This device, a reconfigurable spectral filter, operates in the microwave regime near 0.9 GHz and manipulates long‐distance spin wave transmission in thin YIG. An efficiency of 98.5% is demonstrated, with the metasurface covering only 15% of the microwave antenna. This first dem-onstration of a ferromagnetic metasurface opens unprecedented possibilities for on-chip control of microwaves in low-damping ferrimagnetic insulators.

2022

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Atomic layer deposition of Ni and Ni80Fe20 for tubular spin-wave nanocavities

Maria Carmen Giordano

Magnetic thin films and magnetic nanostructures have become essential components of modern technological applications. Modern branches of magnetisms focus on spin-charge coupling (spintronics) and the collective excitation of spin waves in magnetically ordered materials (magnonics). In particular, spin waves represent a promising charge-free medium to encode and transmit information in the GHz frequency regime, relevant for microwaves technologies. The ever-increasing demand for compact and portable electronic and telecommunication devices leads to the need for further miniaturization and high integration density of their functional components. These aspects have prompted nanomagnetism to venture the third dimension. This development is also motivated by novel physical phenomena and functionalities predicted to arise from three-dimensional (3D) complex magnetic configurations. In order to advance the research in 3D spintronics and 3D magnonics, it will be essential to have control over the fabrication of 3D nanoarchitectures and to access the new properties of individual nanostructures emerging from new complex 3D spin-textures. These two challenges are addressed in this thesis. Ferromagnetic nanotubes (NTs) represent the ideal 3D system for the study of shape dependent static and dynamic magnetic properties. Their magnetic configurations, as well as the spin wave confinement and propagation inside them, can be engineered by changing their geometrical parameters. First, in order to fabricate 3D magnetic device architectures, we explored atomic layer deposition (ALD). The thickness and quality of the thin films deposited with ALD are irrespective of the geometry of the surface on which they are deposited. This characteristic makes it ideal to fabricate 3D nanomagnets by magnetically coating 3D nanotemplates, e.g. nanowires (NWs) in the case of NTs. In this thesis we propose ALD processes for the conformal coating by means of two ferromagnetic materials conventionally used in planar spintronics and magnonics systems: Ni and permalloy (Py, Ni80Fe20), the second material expected to have a lower spin wave damping. By identifying correlations between ALD process parameters and thin film properties we optimized the materials in terms of conformality, electrical resistivity, anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) effect, spin wave damping and, in the case of permalloy, also stoichiometry. The optimized materials were then transferred onto GaAs nanowires templates, obtaining ferromagnetic NTs with hexagonal cross sections. We achieved Ni NTs with the lowest resistivity ever reported in similar ALD-grown Ni systems and a large AMR effect. We observed the lowest spin waves damping for permalloy NTs, exhibithing a value comparable with permalloy thin films achieved with conventional planar deposition techniques. Second, we investigated magnetic states and spin waves confinement in nanotubes experimentally and via micromagnetic simulations. We combined magnetoresistance measurements with Brillouin light scattering spectroscopy (BLS) and micromagnetic simulations to study Ni and Py NTs. BLS measurements, performed while irradiating NTs with microwaves, show that these nanotubes form spin-wave nanocavities which impose discrete wave vectors and confine GHz microwave signals on the nanoscale. Our experimental results show that the confinement can be engineered by changing the NT's geometrical parameters and magnetic states.

EPFL2021

Chargement

Collective spin excitations can propagate in magnetically ordered materials in the form of waves. These so-called spin waves (SWs) or magnons are promising for low-power beyond-CMOS information processing, which does not rely anymore on the lossy movement of electric charges. SWs in the few GHz frequency regime possess nanoscale wavelengths about five orders of magnitude smaller than electromagnetic waves of the same frequency. This property makes SWs ideally suited for application in microwave technology, essential for on-chip processing of wireless telecommunication signals. In this thesis, three crucial challenges relevant for the technological application of SWs are addressed: First, to functionalize SWs and exploit their small wavelengths, it is necessary to control them at the nanoscale. Here, periodically nanostructured materials, denoted magnonic crystals, are promising, as they allow to tailor the band structure of SWs. We report on SWs propagating in a prototypical one-dimensional magnonic crystal consisting of dipolarly coupled magnetic nanostripes. The remanent magnetization of individual stripes was designed to be bistable along the long axis. By magnetizing an individual stripe in opposite direction to the others, we created a magnetic defect. We measured by means of all-electrical spin wave spectroscopy and Brillouin light scattering microscopy phase and amplitude of SWs trespassing the defect. We found that SW phases and amplitudes were modified at the nanoscale, and phase shifts could be tuned by an applied bias magnetic field. Using micromagnetic simulations, we identified specific bias fields for which phase shifts of Pi are achieved without suppressing SW amplitudes. This result is highly relevant for the implementation of logic gates based on interference of phase-controlled SWs. We further measured propagation of short-waved SWs in an antiferromagnetically ordered one-dimensional magnonic crystal, where every second stripe was magnetized in opposite direction. We found a band gap closing at the Brillouin zone boundary when no magnetic bias field was applied. Our observations are promising for reprogrammable microwave filters capable of adjusting stop- and passband. Second, we address how long-waved electromagnetic waves can be coupled efficiently to nanoscale SWs. We demonstrate by space- and time-resolved scanning X-ray transmission measurements, that excited nanogratings allow to transfer their reciprocal lattice vector and multiple of it to an underlying magnetic thin film, in which nanoscale propagating SWs are launched. Additionally, we discovered a second method for short-waved SW generation based on magnetic microwave guides. This approach is easy to fabricate and relies on the adaption of the SW wavelength to a changing effective magnetic field. Efficient coupling of electromagnetic waves to nanoscale SWs promises an unprecedented miniaturization of microwave components. Third, we found that the magnetization direction of bistable nanomagnets can be switched by propagating SWs in an underlying magnetic thin film when a threshold amplitude is reached. This discovery is promising for the realization of a non-volatile magnonic memory, which stores SW amplitudes. A possible application are SW logic gates, which encode the outcome of a logic operation in the output SW amplitude. Magnonic memory would allow for storing these amplitudes directly, without requiring lossy conversion into the electrical domain.

EPFL2021

Chargement

EPFL2021

Atomic layer deposition of Ni and Ni80Fe20 for tubular spin-wave nanocavities

Maria Carmen Giordano

EPFL2021