Exportation

Résumé

L'exportation est l'action de vendre à l'étranger une partie de la production de biens ou de services d'un ensemble économique, pays ou région. C'est un terme miroir de celui d'importation, étant donné qu'une vente du pays X au pays Y est la même opération qu'un achat du pays Y au pays X. thumb|300px|Les dix principaux pays pour le commerce international Cette activité économique et commerciale est considérée comme très importante. C'est en particulier un moyen crucial pour acquérir des devises, lesquelles sont pour un pays des moyens d'intervention économique et financière sur les marchés extérieurs (par exemple pour s'équiper ou pour obtenir des produits de base). Par ailleurs, les exportations permettent de stimuler une économie en valorisant le travail d'un pays auprès des autres et en assurant la pérennité de ses entreprises qui, dans le cadre de la mondialisation, est fortement liée à leurs positions sur le marché mondial (part de marché au niveau mondial). La part de marché mondiale des exportations françaises était de 4,7 % en 2000. En 2012, est-elle est tombée à 3,1 %. La part relative des exportations françaises dans le PIB était de 27 % en 2011. La France contribue à 65 % du marché exportateur dans l'Union Européenne (UE). En 2016, les produits exportés se répartissent comme suit : 13 % produits pétroliers et miniers 12 % produits chimiques 11 % équipements bureautique et télécoms 10 % produits agricoles 9 % produits automobile 5 % vêtements et textiles 34 % autres produits manufacturés 4 % autres produits non manufacturés. Ces séries de propositions sont du domaine des États, elles résultent de l'expérience de professionnels de l'exportation. L'ensemble de ces dispositifs constitue une politique de support à l'exportation. Sociétés de commerce international : Favoriser le développement des sociétés de commerce international, tout d'abord en reconnaissant leur rôle éminent. Favoriser des partenariats entre différents groupes industriels et financiers pour favoriser la création de groupes de commerce puissants et efficaces.

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exportation

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Publications associées (3)

Coarse and Fine Particulate Organic Matter Transport by a Fourth-Order Mountain Stream to Lake Bourget (France)

Guillaume Gilbert René Cunillera

Transport of coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM) derived from forest litterfall has been hardly studied in rivers, unlike fine particulate organic matter (FPOM) or dissolved organic matter (DOM). Yet, many rivers are dammed or run into lakes, and there is growing evidence that CPOM accumulation in river delta participates substantially in ecological processes such as greenhouse gas emissions of lakes and reservoirs. We investigated the transport of CPOM and FPOM by the Leysse River (discharge from 0.2 to 106 m(3) s(-1)) to Lake Bourget (France) in relation to aerial litter deposition, river network length, and discharge. Over a 19-month study period, the volume-weighted mean CPOM and FPOM concentrations were 1.3 and 7.7 g m(-3,) respectively. Most CPOM and FPOM transport occurred during major flood events, and there were power relationships between maximum discharge and particulate organic matter (POM) transport during these events. The annual export of CPOM (190 t AFDM) was 85% of the litter accumulation in autumn on permanent sections of the riverbed (224 t AFDM), which suggests that export is a major process compared to breakdown. Export of CPOM was 1.25 t yr(-1) km(-2) of the forested catchment area. This study highlights the need to account for long-range CPOM transport to describe the fate of litter inputs to streams and to quantify the organic matter input and processing in lakes and reservoirs.

MDPI2021

SO2, which is one of key components that can deteriorate the environment, can be relocated by international trade. Based on the EORA, the EDGAR databases and input-output model, this study calculated China's SO2 emissions caused by import and export, and presented a method to exhibit China's export-related SO2 footprint at a high resolution. The results showed that export generated more SO2 emissions than import, and the two both increased rapidly since 1990, but decreased in 2008 and 2010, respectively. Both importand export-related SO2 emissions were concentrated more in undeveloped regions and several developed countries. High percentage of China's export-related SO2 emissions were mainly observed on the secondary industry activities. The percentages for most sectors increased before 2005 and decreased in 2015. Spatially, the export-related emissions decreased obviously from the southeast to the northwest within China. China's export-related SO2 emissions showed an increasing trend overall during 1990-2012. Areas with increasing emission trends were mainly concentrated in areas where the secondary industries were concentrated, such as the North China Plain. Both the increasing and decreasing areas showed highly significant changing trends. The east and south showed intensive distributions of the highly significant changing trends.

ELSEVIER SCI LTD2020

This thesis contains four chapters, each of which utilizes new or unusual data sources to analyze a different area of financial economics. In the first chapter, I construct a novel dataset linking individual bankers to large borrowers in the U.S. syndicated loan market to analyze the impact of bankers on bank lending. I find that time invariant banker fixed effects have at least as much explanatory power as bank fixed effects across key loan outcome variables. One channel through which bankers impact lending is through personal relationships with borrowers. I address the endogenous nature of relationship formation by exploiting shocks to relationships from the departure of bankers and find that stronger personal relationships are associated with significantly lower interest rates charged to clients. Reduced interest rates of relationship loans reflect superior information of bankers, rather than nepotism. Loans issued by bankers that have stronger personal relationships with borrowers are associated with fewer bankruptcies and no more beneficial terms upon renegotiation. The second chapter, which is joint work with Stefano Colonnello, exploits a U.S. Supreme Court ruling on diversity of citizenship in legal disputes to estimate the contribution of the court system to firm value. In an event study, we find that an increase in state court quality from bottom to top tercile is associated with an average increase in equity value of 0.45%, or about $8.7 million on the event day. This effect appears to be driven by courts¿ attitude towards businesses more than by their competency and is more pronounced for firms in industries with high litigation risk. We also test whether firms benefit from the ability to steer lawsuits into friendly courts, so called forum shopping. We provide evidence that a reduction in firms¿ ability to forum shop decreases firm value, whereas a reduction in plaintiffs¿ ability to forum shop increases firm value. We further document that the ruling had significant real effects. Firms which previously stayed out of regions with potentially problematic courts subsequently increased their operations in those regions. The third chapter is coauthored with Matthias Effing, Rüdiger Fahlenbrach, and Philipp Krüger and examines the impact of a sudden home currency appreciation on the valuation and behavior of corporations in a developed economy. The Swiss National Bank surprisingly repealed the minimum exchange rate of 1.2 Swiss francs per Euro on January 15, 2015. On that day the franc appreciated by 15% and the main stock market index dropped by 8.7%. The impact was largest for export oriented firms with high domestic costs. These firms experienced 5% lower announcement returns, subsequently faced economically sizeable reductions in sales and profitability, and responded by reducing investment by 8.1% while only slightly reducing employment. In the fourth chapter, which is joint work with Cornelius Schmidt and Aksel Mjøs, we exploit exogenous shocks to the distance between corporate borrowers and banks to analyze the role of distance in commercial bank lending. We find that a reduction in travel time due to improved infrastructure increases the likelihood of initiating a new borrowing relationship, evidence that closer distance creates a surplus from lower transaction costs. In existing lending relationships, however, banks capture a fraction of this surplus by increasing interest rates.

EPFL2017

Concepts associés (24)

Cours associés (9)

Séances de cours associées (78)

EPFL2017