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Concept

Chromosome 21 humain

Résumé

Le chromosome 21 est le plus petit des de chromosomes humains. C'est un des et l'un des cinq chromosomes acrocentriques. Caractéristiques du chromosome 21

Nombre de paires de base :
Nombre de gènes : 271
Nombre de gènes connus : 243
Nombre de pseudogènes : 87
Nombre de variations des nucléotides (S.N.P ou single nucleotide polymorphisme) :

Maladies chromosomiques décrites du chromosome

La trisomie 21 (présence de trois chromosomes 21 au lieu de deux) est l'anomalie chromosomique la plus connue et la plus fréquente, responsable du syndrome de Down.

Gènes localisés sur le chromosome 21

gène SOD1 qui code la superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn]

Maladies localisées sur le chromosome 21

La nomenclature utilisée pour localiser un gène est décrite dans l'article de celui-ci
Les maladies en rapport avec des anomalies génétiques localisées sur le chromosome 21 sont :

Les autres chromosomes Notes et références

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_21_humain

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Concepts associés (21)

248px|vignette|lang=fr| La trisomie 21 (ou syndrome de Down) est une anomalie chromosomique congénitale provoquée par la présence d'un chromosome surnuméraire pour la . Ses signes cliniques sont très

Le caryotype (ou caryogramme) est l'arrangement standard de l'ensemble des chromosomes d'une cellule, à partir d'une prise de vue microscopique. Les chromosomes sont photographiés et disposés selon

The human genome is a complete set of nucleic acid sequences for humans, encoded as DNA within the 23 chromosome pairs in cell nuclei and in a small DNA molecule found within individual mitochondria.

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A cSNP map and database for human chromosome 21

Philipp Bucher

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are likely to contribute to the study of complex genetic diseases. The genomic sequence of human chromosome 21q was recently completed with 225 annotated genes, thus permitting efficient identification and precise mapping of potential cSNPs by bioinformatics approaches. Here we present a human chromosome 21 (HC21) cSNP database and the first chromosome-specific cSNP map. Potential cSNPs were generated using three approaches: (1) Alignment of the complete HC21 genomic sequence to cognate ESTs and mRNAs. Candidate cSNPs were automatically extracted using a novel program for context-dependent SNP identification that efficiently discriminates between true variation, poor quality sequencing, and paralogous gene alignments. (2) Multiple alignment of all known HC21 genes to all other human database entries. (3) Gene-targeted cSNP discovery. To date we have identified 377 cSNPs averaging ~1 SNP per 1.5 kb of transcribed sequence, covering 65% of known genes in the chromosome. Validation of our bioinformatics approach was demonstrated by a confirmation rate of 78% for the predicted cSNPs, and in total 32% of the cSNPs in our database have been confirmed. The database is publicly available at http://csnp.unige.ch or http://csnp.isb-sib.ch. These SNPs provide a tool to study the contribution of HC21 loci to complex diseases such as bipolar affective disorder and allele-specific contributions to Down syndrome phenotypes.

2001

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Nineteen additional unpredicted transcripts from human chromosome 21

Philipp Bucher

The identification of all human chromosome 21 (HC21) genes is a necessary step in understanding the molecular pathogenesis of trisomy 21 (Down syndrome). The first analysis of the sequence of 21q included 127 previously characterized genes and predicted an additional 98 novel anonymous genes. Recently we evaluated the quality of this annotation by characterizing a set of HC21 open reading frames (C21orfs) identified by mapping spliced expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and predicted genes (PREDs), identified only in silico. This study underscored the limitations of in silico-only gene prediction, as many PREDs were incorrectly predicted. To refine the HC21 annotation, we have developed a reliable algorithm to extract and stringently map sequences that contain bona fide 3' transcript ends to the genome. We then created a specific 21q graphical display allowing an integrated view of the data that incorporates new ESTs as well as features such as CpG islands, repeats, and gene predictions. Using these tools we identified 27 new putative genes. To validate these, we sequenced previously cloned cDNAs and carried out RT-PCR, 5'- and 3'-RACE procedures, and comparative mapping. These approaches substantiated 19 new transcripts, thus increasing the HC21 gene count by 9.5%. These transcripts were likely not previously identified because they are small and encode small proteins. We also identified four transcriptional units that are spliced but contain no obvious open reading frame. The HC21 data presented here further emphasize that current gene prediction algorithms miss a substantial number of transcripts that nevertheless can be identified using a combination of experimental approaches and multiple refined algorithms.

2002

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Comparative analyses of various mammalian genomes have identified numerous conserved non-coding (CNC) DNA elements that display striking conservation among species, suggesting that they have maintained specific functions throughout evolution. CNC function remains poorly understood, although recent studies have identified a role in gene regulation. We hypothesized that the identification of genomic loci that interact physically with CNCs would provide information on their functions. We have used circular chromosome conformation capture (4C) to characterize interactions of 10 CNCs from human chromosome 21 in K562 cells. The data provide evidence that CNCs are capable of interacting with loci that are enriched for CNCs. The number of trans interactions varies among CNCs; some show interactions with many loci, while others interact with few. Some of the tested CNCs are capable of driving the expression of a reporter gene in the mouse embryo, and associate with the oligodendrocyte genes OLIG1 and OLIG2. Our results underscore the power of chromosome conformation capture for the identification of targets of functional DNA elements and raise the possibility that CNCs exert their functions by physical association with defined genomic regions enriched in CNCs. These CNC-CNC interactions may in part explain their stringent conservation as a group of regulatory sequences.

Public Library of Science2011

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