Êtes-vous un étudiant de l'EPFL à la recherche d'un projet de semestre?
Travaillez avec nous sur des projets en science des données et en visualisation, et déployez votre projet sous forme d'application sur Graph Search.
Concept
Tic-tac-toe
Résumé
Tic-tac-toe (American English), noughts and crosses (Commonwealth English), or Xs and Os (Canadian or Irish English) is a paper-and-pencil game for two players who take turns marking the spaces in a three-by-three grid with X or O. The player who succeeds in placing three of their marks in a horizontal, vertical, or diagonal row is the winner. It is a solved game, with a forced draw assuming best play from both players.
In American English, the game is known as "tic-tac-toe".
In Commonwealth English (particularly British, South African, Australian and New Zealand English), the game is known as "noughts and crosses". This name derives from the shape of the marks in the game (i.e the X and O); "nought" is an older name for the number zero, while "cross" refers to the X shape. While the term nought is now less commonly used, the name "noughts and crosses" is still preferred over the American name "tic-tac-toe" in these countries.
Tic-tac-toe is played on a three-by-three grid by two players, who alternately place the marks X and O in one of the nine spaces in the grid.
In the following example, the first player (X) wins the game in seven steps:
There is no universally agreed rule as to who plays first, but in this article the convention that X plays first is used.
Players soon discover that the best play from both parties leads to a draw. Hence, tic-tac-toe is often played by young children who may not have discovered the optimal strategy.
Because of the simplicity of tic-tac-toe, it is often used as a pedagogical tool for teaching the concepts of good sportsmanship and the branch of artificial intelligence that deals with the searching of game trees. It is straightforward to write a computer program to play tic-tac-toe perfectly or to enumerate the 765 essentially different positions (the state space complexity) or the 26,830 possible games up to rotations and reflections (the game tree complexity) on this space. If played optimally by both players, the game always ends in a draw, making tic-tac-toe a futile game.
Source officielle
À propos de ce résultat
Cette page est générée automatiquement et peut contenir des informations qui ne sont pas correctes, complètes, à jour ou pertinentes par rapport à votre recherche. Il en va de même pour toutes les autres pages de ce site. Veillez à vérifier les informations auprès des sources officielles de l'EPFL.
Publications associées (1)
Concepts associés (6)
Perfect information
In economics, perfect information (sometimes referred to as "no hidden information") is a feature of perfect competition. With perfect information in a market, all consumers and producers have complete and instantaneous knowledge of all market prices, their own utility, and own cost functions. In game theory, a sequential game has perfect information if each player, when making any decision, is perfectly informed of all the events that have previously occurred, including the "initialization event" of the game (e.
Gomoku
Le gomoku, du nom japonais gomoku narabe (Kanji : 五目並べ, littéralement, « alignement des cinq pions ») est le nom japonais d'un jeu de plateau chinois, où il est nommé Wǔzi qí (五子棋, littéralement, « l'échiquier des 5 ») consistant à aligner 5 pions sur les intersections d'un plateau de jeu de go (ou wéiqí, 围棋). Il est également connu en France sous le nom de « Darpion ». Découvert au siècle dernier par les anglo-saxons, le gomoku (prononcer « gomokou ») a des millions d'adeptes en Extrême-Orient (Chine, Corée, Japon).
Théorie des jeux combinatoires
La théorie des jeux combinatoires est une théorie mathématique qui étudie les jeux à deux joueurs comportant un concept de position, et où les joueurs jouent à tour de rôle un coup d'une façon définie par les règles, dans le but d'atteindre une certaine condition de victoire. La théorie des jeux combinatoires a pour objet les jeux à information complète où le hasard n'intervient pas, comme les échecs, les dames ou le jeu de go.