Christian martyrIn Christianity, a martyr is a person considered to have died because of their testimony for Jesus or faith in Jesus. In years of the early church, stories depict this often occurring through death by sawing, stoning, crucifixion, burning at the stake or other forms of torture and capital punishment. The word martyr comes from the Koine word μάρτυς, mártys, which means "witness" or "testimony". At first, the term applied to the Apostles. Once Christians started to undergo persecution, the term came to be applied to those who suffered hardships for their faith.
New Testament apocryphaThe New Testament apocrypha (singular apocryphon) are a number of writings by early Christians that give accounts of Jesus and his teachings, the nature of God, or the teachings of his apostles and of their lives. Some of these writings were cited as scripture by early Christians, but since the fifth century a widespread consensus has emerged limiting the New Testament to the 27 books of the modern canon. Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Protestant churches generally do not view the New Testament apocrypha as part of the Bible.
Prophétie de saint Malachiethumb|250px|Édition du Lignum Vitæ, 1595,p. 311. La prophétie de saint Malachie ou prophétie des papes est un texte ésotérique, traduit en latin, de type prophétique et eschatologique, que son premier éditeur attribue à Malachie d'Armagh (1094-1148), évêque d'Irlande. Avant même l'apparition de ce texte, des « roues » avec gravures et devises énigmatiques avaient circulé pour influencer les participants à plusieurs conclaves.
Actes de PierreLes Actes de Pierre sont un texte du christianisme primitif de la fin du ou du début du . Ils se composaient vraisemblablement de deux parties : la première dont l'action se situait à Jérusalem, la seconde à Rome, culminant dans le récit du martyre. Il a été déclaré apocryphe par la « Grande Église » au , puis à nouveau au . On put le reconstituer partiellement grâce à des fragments en copte. Il est connu sous deux versions différentes.
Language of JesusThere exists a consensus among scholars that the language of Jesus and his disciples was Aramaic. Aramaic was the common language of Judea in the first century AD. The villages of Nazareth and Capernaum in Galilee, where Jesus spent most of his time, were Aramaic-speaking communities. Jesus likely spoke a Galilean variant of the language, distinguishable from that of Jerusalem. Based on the symbolic renaming or nicknaming of some of his apostles it is also likely that Jesus and at least one of his apostles knew enough Koine Greek to converse with those not native to Judea.
Authorship of the Pauline epistlesThe Pauline epistles are the thirteen books in the New Testament traditionally attributed to Paul the Apostle. There is nearly universal consensus in modern New Testament scholarship on a core group of authentic Pauline epistles whose authorship is rarely contested: Romans, 1 and 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Philippians, 1 Thessalonians, and Philemon. Several additional letters bearing Paul's name are disputed among scholars, namely Ephesians, Colossians, 2 Thessalonians, 1 and 2 Timothy, and Titus.
Évangile de MarieL'Évangile de Marie ou Évangile selon Marie est un texte gnostique, probablement du . La principale source manuscrite est le codex de Berlin, qui en donne une version, lacunaire, en sahidique, un dialecte du copte. Deux fragments en grec du ont également été retrouvés. Le colophon mentionne en copte qu'il s'agit d'un "évangile selon Marihamm" et cette Marie est généralement identifiée, sans certitude, comme étant Marie de Magdala. Ce texte est considéré comme un évangile apocryphe.
Disciple que Jésus aimaitL'expression « le disciple que Jésus aimait » ou « le disciple bien-aimé » (en grec ancien : ), est utilisée à plusieurs reprises dans l’Évangile selon Jean pour désigner un disciple anonyme de Jésus de Nazareth. Plusieurs identifications ont été proposées par les exégètes et les chercheurs notamment, suivant la tradition chrétienne, avec l'apôtre Jean, fils de Zébédée, mais aussi avec un personnage secondaire du ministère de Jésus qui aurait pris de l'importance en ayant fondé la communauté johannique, ou avec un personnage symbolique incarnant une manière de disciple parfait.
Apocryphon of JamesThe Apocryphon of James, also called the Secret Book of James or the Apocryphal Epistle of James, is a Gnostic epistle. It is the second tractate in Codex I of the Nag Hammadi library. The tractate is a Coptic translation of a Greek original, likely written in Egypt, with estimates of the date ranging from c. 100 AD to c. 200 AD. The content of the text mainly consists of James the Just's recollection of a special revelation that Jesus gave to James and Peter.
Acts of Peter and the TwelveThe Acts of Peter and the Twelve or the Acts of Peter and the Twelve Apostles is a Christian text from about the 4th century. It is the first treatise in Codex VI of the Nag Hammadi library texts, taking up pages 1–12 of the codex's 78 pages. The writing extends the Parable of the Pearl from Matthew 13:45–46. In the text, Peter the Apostle meets a pearl merchant named Lithargoel, who is later revealed to be Jesus. Jesus commands the apostles to care for the poor. Before its discovery in Nag Hammadi, Egypt in 1945, the text was completely unknown.
