Logique déontiquevignette|"Justicia", Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337), Capilla Scrovegni, Padoue, Italie. La logique déontique (du grec déon, déontos : devoir, ce qu'il faut, ce qui convient) tente de formaliser les rapports qui existent entre les quatre caractéristiques d'une loi : l'obligation, l'interdiction, la permission et le facultatif. Gottfried Wilheim Leibniz en 1670 proposa le premier d'appliquer la logique modale à la morale en remarquant l'analogie suivante : .
Logique épistémiqueLa logique épistémique est une logique modale qui permet de raisonner à propos de la connaissance d'un ou plusieurs agents. Elle permet aussi de raisonner sur les connaissances des connaissances des autres agents, etc. Son nom est tiré du nom grec epistḗmē qui signifie « connaissance » (du verbe epístamai « savoir »), d'où vient aussi le mot épistémologie. L'application de la logique épistémique à l'économie a été promue par Robert Aumann, Prix Nobel d'économie 2005. Elle a été introduite par et Jaakko Hintikka.
Modal operatorA modal connective (or modal operator) is a logical connective for modal logic. It is an operator which forms propositions from propositions. In general, a modal operator has the "formal" property of being non-truth-functional in the following sense: The truth-value of composite formulae sometimes depend on factors other than the actual truth-value of their components. In the case of alethic modal logic, a modal operator can be said to be truth-functional in another sense, namely, that of being sensitive only to the distribution of truth-values across possible worlds, actual or not.
Méthode des tableauxvignette|200px|Représentation graphique d'un tableau propositionnel partiellement construit En théorie de la démonstration, les tableaux sémantiques sont une méthode de résolution du problème de la décision pour le calcul des propositions et les logiques apparentées, ainsi qu'une méthode de preuve pour la logique du premier ordre. La méthode des tableaux peut également déterminer la satisfiabilité des ensembles finis de formules de diverses logiques. C'est la méthode de preuve la plus populaire pour les logiques modales (Girle 2000).
Accessibility relationAn accessibility relation is a relation which plays a key role in assigning truth values to sentences in the relational semantics for modal logic. In relational semantics, a modal formula's truth value at a possible world can depend on what's true at another possible world , but only if the accessibility relation relates to . For instance, if holds at some world such that , the formula will be true at . The fact is crucial. If did not relate to , then would be false at unless also held at some other world such that .
Implication stricteIn logic, a strict conditional (symbol: , or ⥽) is a conditional governed by a modal operator, that is, a logical connective of modal logic. It is logically equivalent to the material conditional of classical logic, combined with the necessity operator from modal logic. For any two propositions p and q, the formula p → q says that p materially implies q while says that p strictly implies q. Strict conditionals are the result of Clarence Irving Lewis's attempt to find a conditional for logic that can adequately express indicative conditionals in natural language.
Paradoxes of material implicationThe paradoxes of material implication are a group of true formulae involving material conditionals whose translations into natural language are intuitively false when the conditional is translated as "if ... then ...". A material conditional formula is true unless is true and is false. If natural language conditionals were understood in the same way, that would mean that the sentence "If the Nazis had won World War Two, everybody would be happy" is vacuously true.
Norm (philosophy)Norms are concepts (sentences) of practical import, oriented to affecting an action, rather than conceptual abstractions that describe, explain, and express. Normative sentences imply "ought-to" types of statements and assertions, in distinction to sentences that provide "is" types of statements and assertions. Common normative sentences include commands, permissions, and prohibitions; common normative abstract concepts include sincerity, justification, and honesty.
Classical modal logicIn modal logic, a classical modal logic L is any modal logic containing (as axiom or theorem) the duality of the modal operators that is also closed under the rule Alternatively, one can give a dual definition of L by which L is classical if and only if it contains (as axiom or theorem) and is closed under the rule The weakest classical system is sometimes referred to as E and is non-normal. Both algebraic and neighborhood semantics characterize familiar classical modal systems that are weaker than the weakest normal modal logic K.
Logique dynamiqueLa logique dynamique est une extension de la logique modale destiné au raisonnement portant sur des programmes informatiques et appliqué plus tard à des comportements complexes plus généraux découlant de la linguistique, de la philosophie, IA, et d'autres domaines. Vaughan Pratt, "Semantical Considerations on Floyd-Hoare Logic", Proc. 17th Annual IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, 1976, 109-121. David Harel, Dexter Kozen, and Jerzy Tiuryn, "Dynamic Logic". MIT Press, 2000 (450 pp).
