Philosophie de l'environnement

Résumé

La philosophie de l'environnement, ou philosophie environnementale, est une branche de la philosophie ayant pour objet d'étude l'environnement naturel et la place de l'homme dans celui-ci. La philosophie environnementale inclut notamment l'éthique environnementale, l'esthétique environnementale, l'écoféminisme et l'écothéologie. Historique Dans la Grèce antique, Aristote fut l'initiateur de la philosophie naturelle, une discipline philosophique qui cherchait à expliquer le monde sensible. Au Moyen Âge, Thomas d'Aquin s'est inscrit dans cette perspective en réconciliant la philosophie d'Aristote avec la tradition chrétienne. La vision aristotélicienne est restée prédominante jusqu'au , lorsque la théorie géocentrique a commencé d'être remise en cause par les travaux de Galilée. Toutefois, l'organisation des connaissances était jusqu'à cette époque très différente de ce qu'elle est aujourd'hui, puisque la philosophie et les sciences étaient intimement mêlées. Avec Galilée,

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophie_de_l'environnement

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Theory course on the history of modernist environmental aesthetics in architecture.

Diversité du monde vivant, rôle et action des Procaryotes dans la biosphère. Fonctionnement biochimique des êtres vivants comprenant les voies métaboliques centrales et les fonctions des biomolécules majeures. Rôle central joué par l'information génétique, des mécanismes évolutifs et de régulation.

Teaching unit on mapping environmental relations in architecture.

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This review explores the potential of separating and recycling rare earth elements (REEs) from different energy conversion systems, such as wind turbines, electric vehicles batteries, or lighting devices. The REEs include 17 elements (with global production of 242 kilometric tons in 2020) that can be found abundantly in nature. However, they are expensive and complicated to extract and separate with many environmental challenges. The overall demand for REEs is continuously growing (with a 10% yearly increase) and it is quite clear that recycling has to be developed as a supply strategy in addition to conventional mining. However, the success of both mining and recycling depends on appropriate separation and processing technologies. The overall REE recycling situation today is very weak (only 2% of REEs are recovered by recycling processes compared with 90% for iron and steel). The biggest recycling potentials rely on the sectors of lamp phosphors (17%), permanent magnets (7%), and NiMH batteries (10%) mainly at the end-of-life stage of the products. The profitability of rare earth recycling mostly depends on the prices of the elements to accommodate the processing costs. Therefore, end-of-life REE recycling should focus on the most valuable and critical REEs. Thus, the relevant processes, feed, and economic viability warrant the detailed review as reported here.

2022

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The ongoing ecological crisis is reframing the common binary opposition between architecture and nature and provoking us to ask what kinds of buildings we collectively want to create for the ecosystems that we inhabit. The environment is not a neutral background, a natural scenery, or a container of pre-social resources; and architecture is not a collection of objects floating in a vacuum. Buildings and landscapes constitute each other dialectically. The environmental question in Western architecture had a peak moment during the contextualism debates of the 1950s and 60s, in the UK and Italy. They equated context with ideas such as ecological urbanism and habitat, or preesistenze ambientali and continuita . But by the 1970âs there was a shift from a sort of socio-biological determinism towards a more culturalist approach. Context became synonymous with historical context, and site-specificity was to be achieved less through a dialectical interplay with material reality than through a referential, typo-morphological approach. Gradually, a rift emerged: ecology became a matter of natural fact to be technologically calculated, and context became a matter of cultural identity to be narrated and deconstructed. From this point onwards, and in tandem with the rise of neoliberal commodification and its correlate ideology of postmodernism, Western architecture lost the ability to tackle the environmental question beyond the narrow scope of the individual architectural object. Before this split, the modernist tradition had attempted to address the built environment, and housing projects in particular, as a socio-ecological totality. Backed by large-scale funding initiatives from social-democratic states, human and non-human life could be understood dialectically, with the neighbourhood scale functioning as a mediating unit between the individual and the social. Alvaro Siza's Bairro da Malagueira was one of the last projects of this generation. It emerged from the very particular conditions of the 1974/75 Carnation Revolution and the state-sponsored housing program SAAL, a dual power structure made up of construction technical brigades and neighbourhood committees. During this process, the SAAL-Norte produced a series of projects focused on reinventing the typology of the ilha, and Alvaro Siza wrote a text considering the hypothesis of the proletarian island as basic element of the urban tissue. What was taken from these islands was less their stylistic or typological configuration than the system of environmental relations that they fostered, predicated on a series of threshold spaces and open interiorities. From Bairro da Malagueira, this thesis proposes a method for mapping environmental relations in architecture. It does so by identifying a series of thresholds, namely the conduit, the patio, and the waste, understood as structures that convert space into bounded associations, mediating between inside and outside, foreground and background, architecture and nature. Each threshold acts as a time-space frame with a specific magnitude of approximation, and each internalizes sets of social relations, such as class, gender and race, with corresponding modes of environmental production, namely the hidden backgrounds of territory, domesticity, and wilderness. Bairro da Malagueira hence becomes a template through which this thesis explores a dialectical understanding of architecture as an agent of environmental history.

EPFL2021

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In vivo regulation of organohalide respiration in Desulfitobacterium hafniense DCB-2

Céline Berruex, Julien Maillard, Marie Vingerhoets, Mathilde Stéphanie Willemin

Background Organohalide respiration (OHR) is a bacterial anaerobic respiratory metabolism which takes advantage of halogenated compounds (= organohalides) as terminal electron acceptors. While its environmental interest does not have to be demonstrated anymore, many aspects of this process remain poorly characterized. We have decided to explore the regulatory network of OHR in Desulfitobacterium hafniense strain DCB-2, a typical OHR bacterium showing a versatile energy metabolism which harbours seven distinct reductive dehalogenase (rdh) gene clusters potentially involved in OHR. Methods Strain DCB-2 was cultivated anaerobically with lactate and fumarate (under respiration conditions) or with pyruvate (under fermentation conditions) and exposed to various chlorinated phenol derivatives, after which RNA was extracted from samples collected at different time intervals. A combination of reverse transcription, qPCR and transcriptomic analysis targeting genes belonging to rdh gene clusters will allow a quantitative analysis of the activity of selected RdhK proteins which are involved in transcriptional regulation. Results This study aims at deciphering the role and cross-talk of characterized and uncharacterized RdhK regulatory proteins of strain DCB-2 in vivo. The activation of transcription of rdh gene clusters after addition of selected chlorophenols will be presented and discussed. Conclusions These data will be confronted to results obtained from in vitro experiments describing the tripartite interaction of purified RdhK proteins with the chlorophenols and the targeted DNA promoters (see also the abstract by M. Willemin et al.).

2018

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EPFL2021