Subcultural theoryIn criminology, subcultural theory emerged from the work of the Chicago School on gangs and developed through the symbolic interactionism school into a set of theories arguing that certain groups or subcultures in society have values and attitudes that are conducive to crime and violence. The primary focus is on juvenile delinquency because theorists believe that if this pattern of offending can be understood and controlled, it will break the transition from teenage offender into habitual criminal.
Criminal justiceCriminal justice is the delivery of justice to those who have been accused of committing crimes. The criminal justice system is a series of government agencies and institutions. Goals include the rehabilitation of offenders, preventing other crimes, and moral support for victims. The primary institutions of the criminal justice system are the police, prosecution and defense lawyers, the courts and the prisons system.
Public sociologyPublic sociology is a subfield of the wider sociological discipline that emphasizes expanding the disciplinary boundaries of sociology in order to engage with non-academic audiences. It is perhaps best understood as a style of sociology rather than a particular method, theory, or set of political values. Since the twenty-first century, the term has been widely associated with University of California, Berkeley sociologist Michael Burawoy, who delivered an impassioned call for a disciplinary embrace of public sociology in his 2004 American Sociological Association (ASA) presidential address.
École italienne de criminologieLécole italienne de criminologie a été fondée à la fin du par Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909) et deux de ses disciples italiens, Enrico Ferri (1856-1929) et Raffaele Garofalo (1851-1934). L'idée centrale du travail de Lombroso lui est venue alors qu'il autopsie le corps d'un criminel italien nommé Giuseppe Villella. Le mobile de Villella en tant que criminel est le racisme des italiens du nord de l'Italie envers ceux du sud.
Statistiques sur le crimeLes statistiques sur le crime tentent de quantifier statistiquement le crime dans une société donnée. Les crimes étant souvent cachés, les résultats ainsi calculés sont souvent erronés. Il existe plusieurs méthodes pour effectuer ces calculs, notamment des sondages auprès des personnes, des analyses des enregistrements effectués dans les hôpitaux ou tenus par des sociétés d'assurance, ainsi que des dossiers des forces policières et autres agences gouvernementales luttant contre le crime.
Biosocial criminologyBiosocial criminology is an interdisciplinary field that aims to explain crime and antisocial behavior by exploring biocultural factors. While contemporary criminology has been dominated by sociological theories, biosocial criminology also recognizes the potential contributions of fields such as behavioral genetics, neuropsychology, and evolutionary psychology. Environment has a significant effect on genetic expression. Disadvantaged environments enhance antisocial gene expression, suppress prosocial gene action and prevent the realization of genetic potential.
Correlates of crimeThe correlates of crime explore the associations of specific non-criminal factors with specific crimes. The field of criminology studies the dynamics of crime. Most of these studies use correlational data; that is, they attempt to identify various factors are associated with specific categories of criminal behavior. Such correlational studies led to hypotheses about the causes of these crimes. The Handbook of Crime Correlates (2009) is a systematic review of 5200 empirical studies on crime that have been published worldwide.
Environmental criminologyEnvironmental criminology focuses on criminal patterns within particular built environments and analyzes the impacts of these external variables on people's cognitive behavior. It forms a part of criminology's Positivist School in that it applies the scientific method to examine the society that causes crime. Environmental criminology is the study of crime, criminality, and victimization as they relate, first, to particular places, and secondly, to the way that individuals and organizations shape their activities spatially, and in so doing are in turn influenced by place-based or spatial factors.
VictimologieLa victimologie est le domaine des sciences criminelles qui, comme son nom l'indique, étudie la victime. Différents aspects sont étudiés variant de la prévention (étude de la relation victime-agresseur par exemple) à l'optimisation des modes de prise en charge par une meilleure connaissance des conséquences de l'acte délinquantiel sur la victime (stress, traumatisme, dissociation, résilience, etc.). Les relations entre la victime et le système judiciaire sont aussi au cœur des préoccupations de cette discipline.
Anthropologie sociale et culturellevignette|Malinowski : anthropologue L'anthropologie sociale et culturelle est la science qui s'intéresse aux groupes humains quelles que soient leurs caractéristiques. Elle a pour objet d'étude tous les phénomènes sociaux qui requièrent une explication par des facteurs culturels. Alors que les termes « social anthropology » étaient préférés en Angleterre par l'école des structuralistes qui privilégiait l'étude des faits sociaux et des institutions, les termes de « cultural anthropology » l'étaient aux États-Unis par les diffusionnistes tel que Franz Boas qui s'intéressaient plus à la distribution spatiale de la culture humaines.
