Bangladesh

Résumé

Le Bangladesh ( ; বাংলাদেশ , littéralement « le pays du Bengale »), en forme longue la république populaire du Bangladesh (en bengali গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ, Gônoprojatontri Bangladesh), est un pays du sous-continent indien. Situé au nord du golfe du Bengale, quasiment enclavé dans l'Inde, il a une petite frontière commune avec la Birmanie. Les frontières de la région qui constitue aujourd'hui le Bangladesh résultent de la partition des Indes en 1947, quand le pays devint la partie orientale du Dominion du Pakistan, devenu en 1956 la république islamique du Pakistan. Le lien entre les deux parties du Pakistan, fondé sur leur religion majoritaire commune, l'islam, s'est révélé fragile face aux qui les séparaient. Soumis à une discrimination politique et linguistique — l'ourdou étant proclamé langue officielle du Pakistan — ainsi qu'à une négligence économique de la part du pouvoir aux mains du Pakistan occidental, les Bengalis du Pakistan oriental déclarent l'indépendance en

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh

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Genomic Characterization ofMycobacterium lepraeto Explore Transmission Patterns Identifies New Subtype in Bangladesh

Charlotte Avanzi, Andrej Benjak, Stewart Cole

Mycobacterium leprae, the causative agent of leprosy, is an unculturable bacterium with a considerably reduced genome (3.27 Mb) compared to homologues mycobacteria from the same ancestry. In 2001, the genome ofM. lepraewas first described and subsequently four genotypes (1-4) and 16 subtypes (A-P) were identified providing means to study global transmission patterns for leprosy. In order to understand the role of asymptomatic carriers we investigatedM. lepraecarriage as well as infection in leprosy patients (n= 60) and healthy household contacts (HHC;n= 250) from Bangladesh using molecular detection of the bacterial element RLEP in nasal swabs (NS) and slit skin smears (SSS). In parallel, to studyM. lepraegenotype distribution in Bangladesh we explored strain diversity by whole genome sequencing (WGS) and Sanger sequencing. In the studied cohort in Bangladesh,M. lepraeDNA was detected in 33.3% of NS and 22.2% of SSS of patients with bacillary index of 0 whilst in HHC 18.0% of NS and 12.3% of SSS were positive. The majority of theM. lepraestrains detected in this study belonged to genotype 1D (55%), followed by 1A (31%). Importantly, WGS allowed the identification of a newM. lepraegenotype, designated 1B-Bangladesh (14%), which clustered separately between the 1A and 1B strains. Moreover, we established that the genotype previously designated 1C, is not an independent subtype but clusters within the 1D genotype. Intraindividual differences were present between theM. lepraestrains obtained including mutations in hypermutated genes, suggesting mixed colonization/infection or in-host evolution. In summary, we observed thatM. lepraeis present in asymptomatic contacts of leprosy patients fueling the concept that these individuals contribute to the current intensity of transmission. Our data therefore emphasize the importance of sensitive and specific tools allowing post-exposure prophylaxis targeted atM. leprae-infected or -colonized individuals.

FRONTIERS MEDIA SA2020

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Presence of Vibrio cholerae serogroups O1 and O139 in the waters of the rural area of Matlab, Bangladesh, was investigated with quantitative measurements performed with a portable flow cytometer. The relevance of this work relates to the testing of a field-adapted measurement protocol that might prove useful for cholera epidemic surveillance and for validation of mathematical models. Water samples were collected from different water bodies that constitute the hydrological system of the region, a well-known endemic area for cholera. Water was retrieved from ponds, river waters, and irrigation canals during an inter-epidemic time period. Each sample was filtered and analysed with a flow cytometer for a fast determination of V. cholerae cells contained in those environments. More specifically, samples were treated with O1- and O139-specific antibodies, which allowed precise flow-cytometry-based concentration measurements. Both serogroups were present in the environmental waters with a consistent dominance of V. cholerae O1. These results extend earlier studies where V. cholerae O1 and O139 were mostly detected during times of cholera epidemics using standard culturing techniques. Furthermore, our results confirm that an important fraction of the ponds' host populations of V. cholerae are able to self-sustain even when cholera cases are scarce. Those contaminated ponds may constitute a natural reservoir for cholera endemicity in the Matlab region. Correlations of V. cholerae concentrations with environmental factors and the spatial distribution of V. cholerae populations are also discussed.

Cambridge University Press2015

Chargement

Genomic Characterization ofMycobacterium lepraeto Explore Transmission Patterns Identifies New Subtype in Bangladesh

Charlotte Avanzi, Andrej Benjak, Stewart Cole

FRONTIERS MEDIA SA2020