Résumé
In mathematics, a projective range is a set of points in projective geometry considered in a unified fashion. A projective range may be a projective line or a conic. A projective range is the dual of a pencil of lines on a given point. For instance, a correlation interchanges the points of a projective range with the lines of a pencil. A projectivity is said to act from one range to another, though the two ranges may coincide as sets. A projective range expresses projective invariance of the relation of projective harmonic conjugates. Indeed, three points on a projective line determine a fourth by this relation. Application of a projectivity to this quadruple results in four points likewise in the harmonic relation. Such a quadruple of points is termed a harmonic range. In 1940 Julian Coolidge described this structure and identified its originator: Two fundamental one-dimensional forms such as point ranges, pencils of lines, or of planes are defined as projective, when their members are in one-to-one correspondence, and a harmonic set of one ... corresponds to a harmonic set of the other. ... If two one-dimensional forms are connected by a train of projections and intersections, harmonic elements will correspond to harmonic elements, and they are projective in the sense of Von Staudt. When a conic is chosen for a projective range, and a particular point E on the conic is selected as origin, then addition of points may be defined as follows: Let A and B be in the range (conic) and AB the line connecting them. Let L be the line through E and parallel to AB. The "sum of points A and B", A + B, is the intersection of L with the range. The circle and hyperbola are instances of a conic and the summation of angles on either can be generated by the method of "sum of points", provided points are associated with angles on the circle and hyperbolic angles on the hyperbola.
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Concepts associés (7)
Perspectivity
In geometry and in its applications to drawing, a perspectivity is the formation of an image in a picture plane of a scene viewed from a fixed point. The science of graphical perspective uses perspectivities to make realistic images in proper proportion. According to Kirsti Andersen, the first author to describe perspectivity was Leon Alberti in his De Pictura (1435). In English, Brook Taylor presented his Linear Perspective in 1715, where he explained "Perspective is the Art of drawing on a Plane the Appearances of any Figures, by the Rules of Geometry".
Division harmonique
En géométrie affine, quatre points alignés sont en division harmonique quand ils vérifient l'égalité des rapports de mesure algébrique indiquée ci-contre. Elle apparait naturellement dans plusieurs figures géométriques, par exemple le quadrilatère complet. C'est plus fondamentalement une notion de géométrie projective, puisqu'il s'agit d'exprimer qu'un birapport vaut –1.
Quadrangle complet
En géométrie plane, un quadrangle complet (parfois, simplement quadrangle) est la figure formée par quatre points A, B, C et D, tels que trois quelconques d'entre eux ne soient pas alignés : ce sont les sommets du quadrangle. Les six droites joignant ces points deux à deux sont les côtés du quadrangle. Deux côtés qui n'ont pas de sommet en commun sont dits opposés. Deux côtés opposés (non parallèles) ont un point commun appelé point diagonal du quadrangle.
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