Ample line bundleIn mathematics, a distinctive feature of algebraic geometry is that some line bundles on a projective variety can be considered "positive", while others are "negative" (or a mixture of the two). The most important notion of positivity is that of an ample line bundle, although there are several related classes of line bundles. Roughly speaking, positivity properties of a line bundle are related to having many global sections. Understanding the ample line bundles on a given variety X amounts to understanding the different ways of mapping X into projective space.
Courbe hyperelliptiquedroite|vignette|Une courbe hyperelliptique, d'équation En géométrie algébrique, une courbe hyperelliptique est un cas particulier de courbe algébrique de genre g > 1 donnée par une équation de la forme : où f(x) est un polynôme de degré n = 2g + 1 > 4 ou avec n = 2g + 2 > 4 racines distinctes et h(x) est un polynôme de degré strictement inférieur à g + 2 (si la caractéristique du corps commutatif n'est pas 2, on peut prendre h(x) = 0).
Cohomologie étaleLa cohomologie étale est la théorie cohomologique des faisceaux associée à la topologie étale. Elle mime le comportement habituel de la cohomologie classique sur des objets mathématiques où celle-ci n'est pas envisageable, en particulier les schémas et les espaces analytiques. La cohomologie étale a été introduite pour les schémas par Alexander Grothendieck et Michael Artin dans SGA 4 et 41⁄2, avec l'objectif de réaliser une cohomologie de Weil et ainsi résoudre les conjectures de Weil, objectif partiellement rempli, plus tard complété par Pierre Deligne avec l'introduction de la cohomologie l-adique.
Resolution of singularitiesIn algebraic geometry, the problem of resolution of singularities asks whether every algebraic variety V has a resolution, a non-singular variety W with a proper birational map W→V. For varieties over fields of characteristic 0 this was proved in Hironaka (1964), while for varieties over fields of characteristic p it is an open problem in dimensions at least 4. Originally the problem of resolution of singularities was to find a nonsingular model for the function field of a variety X, in other words a complete non-singular variety X′ with the same function field.
Intersection numberIn mathematics, and especially in algebraic geometry, the intersection number generalizes the intuitive notion of counting the number of times two curves intersect to higher dimensions, multiple (more than 2) curves, and accounting properly for tangency. One needs a definition of intersection number in order to state results like Bézout's theorem. The intersection number is obvious in certain cases, such as the intersection of the x- and y-axes in a plane, which should be one.
Fano varietyIn algebraic geometry, a Fano variety, introduced by Gino Fano in , is a complete variety X whose anticanonical bundle KX* is ample. In this definition, one could assume that X is smooth over a field, but the minimal model program has also led to the study of Fano varieties with various types of singularities, such as terminal or klt singularities. Recently techniques in differential geometry have been applied to the study of Fano varieties over the complex numbers, and success has been found in constructing moduli spaces of Fano varieties and proving the existence of Kähler–Einstein metrics on them through the study of K-stability of Fano varieties.
Rational normal curveIn mathematics, the rational normal curve is a smooth, rational curve C of degree n in projective n-space Pn. It is a simple example of a projective variety; formally, it is the Veronese variety when the domain is the projective line. For n = 2 it is the plane conic Z0Z2 = Z, and for n = 3 it is the twisted cubic. The term "normal" refers to projective normality, not normal schemes. The intersection of the rational normal curve with an affine space is called the moment curve.
Variété de drapeaux généraliséeEn mathématiques, une variété de drapeaux généralisée ou tordue est un espace homogène d'un groupe (algébrique ou de Lie) qui généralise les espaces projectifs, les grassmanniennes, les quadriques projectives et l'espace de tous les drapeaux de signature donnée d'un espace vectoriel. La plupart des espaces homogènes de points ou de figures de la géométrie classique sont des variétés de drapeaux généralisées ou des espaces symétriques ou des variétés symétriques (analogues en géométrie algébrique des espaces symétriques), ou leur sont liés.
Reduced ringIn ring theory, a branch of mathematics, a ring is called a reduced ring if it has no non-zero nilpotent elements. Equivalently, a ring is reduced if it has no non-zero elements with square zero, that is, x2 = 0 implies x = 0. A commutative algebra over a commutative ring is called a reduced algebra if its underlying ring is reduced. The nilpotent elements of a commutative ring R form an ideal of R, called the nilradical of R; therefore a commutative ring is reduced if and only if its nilradical is zero.
Coherent sheafIn mathematics, especially in algebraic geometry and the theory of complex manifolds, coherent sheaves are a class of sheaves closely linked to the geometric properties of the underlying space. The definition of coherent sheaves is made with reference to a sheaf of rings that codifies this geometric information. Coherent sheaves can be seen as a generalization of vector bundles. Unlike vector bundles, they form an , and so they are closed under operations such as taking , , and cokernels.
