Superfluidité

Résumé

La superfluidité est un état de la matière dans lequel celle-ci se comporte comme un fluide dépourvu de toute viscosité. Découverte en 1937 par Piotr Kapitsa, simultanément avec, semble-t-il, John F. Allen et A. Don Misener, elle a d'abord été décrite comme une propriété de l'hélium (à très basse température) lui permettant de s'écouler à travers des canaux capillaires ou des fentes étroites sans viscosité. Par la suite, le phénomène a trouvé des applications non seulement dans la théorie de l'hélium liquide, mais également en astrophysique, en physique des particules et dans la théorie quantique des champs. Point lambda Les physiciens mentionnés ci-dessus ont constaté qu'en dessous de la température critique d'environ , (soit ), qui est appelé le point lambda (λ), l'hélium 4 subissait une transition de phase. Il passait d'un état liquide à un autre aux propriétés sensiblement différentes. En effet, l'expérience, confirmée par la suite, montra que ce nouvel état de l'hé

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfluidit%C3%A9

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Interacting spin-1 bosons in a two-dimensional optical lattice

We study, using quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) simulations, the ground state properties of spin-1 bosons trapped in a square optical lattice. The phase diagram is characterized by the mobility of the particles (Mott insulating or superfluid phase) and by their magnetic properties. For ferromagnetic on-site interactions, the whole phase diagram is ferromagnetic and the Mott insulators-superfluid phase transitions are second order. For antiferromagnetic on-site interactions, spin nematic order is found in the odd Mott lobes and in the superfluid phase. Furthermore, the superfluid-insulator phase transition is first or second order depending on whether the density in the Mott is even or odd. Inside the even Mott lobes we observe a singlet-to-nematic transition for certain values of the interactions. This transition appears to be first order.

Amer Physical Soc2013

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Conformal Field Theories (CFTs) are crucial for our understanding of Quantum Field Theory (QFT). Because of their powerful symmetry properties, they play the role of signposts in the space of QFTs. Any method that gives us information about their structure, and lets us compute their observables, is therefore of great interest. In this thesis we explore the large quantum number sector of CFTs, by describing a semiclassical expansion approach. The idea is to describe the theory in terms of fluctuations around a classical background, which corresponds to a superfluid state of finite charge density. We detail the implementation of the method in the case of U (1)-invariant lagrangian CFTs defined in the epsilon-expansion. After introducing the method for generic correlators, we illustrate it by performing the computation of several observables.First, we compute the scaling dimension of the lowest operator having a given large charge n under the U (1) symmetry. We demonstrate how the semiclassical result in this case bridges the gap between the naive diagrammatic computation (which fails at too large n) and the general large-charge expansion of CFTs (which is only valid for n large enough).Second, we apply the method to the computation of 3- and 4-point functions involving the same operator. This lets us derive some of the OPE (Operator Product Expansion) coefficients.Finally, we consider the rest of the spectrum of charge-n operators, and propose a way to classify them by studying their free-theory equivalent. In the free theory, we construct the complete set of primary operators with number of derivatives bounded by the charge.We also find a mapping between the excited states of the superfluid and the vacuum states of standard quantization, which is valid when the spin of said states is bounded by the square root of the charge.

EPFL2022

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In this thesis, we study the quantum phase transition triggered by an external random po- tential in ultra-cold low-dimensional weakly-interacting Bose gases at zero temperature. In one-dimensional systems, the quantum phases are characterized by the decay at long-range of the one-body density matrix. This decay exhibits an algebraic behaviour in the superfluid quasi-condensed phase while in the insulating Bose glass phase this it becomes exponen- tial, signaling the complete loss of coherence in the system. In two-dimensional systems, a characterization based on the long-range behaviour of the one-body density matrix appears to be highly demanding from a computational point of view. We therefore characterized the superfluid-insulator transition in two-dimensional systems by the low-energy behaviour of the cumulative density of states of the Bogoliubov excitations. While in the superfluid condensed phase this quantity grows as the square of the excitation energy in agreement with the existence of a finite velocity of sound, in the insulating Bose glass phase this power law is less than quadratic. This study is performed in the framework of an extended Bogoliubov approach properly adapted to treat low-dimensional Bose gases. Using a systematic numerical study, we draw the interaction-disorder phase diagrams of the superfluid-insulator transition in 1D and 2D. The phase boundary follows two different power- laws depending on the length scales characterizing the spatial correlations of the disorder and the strength of interactions. The power-law exponents were found to be in agreement with the ones predicted by scaling arguments, both in the white noise and the Thomas-Fermi regimes. In the two-dimensional system, the classical percolation threshold in the Thomas-Fermi limit was found to overestimate the critical disorder below which the onset of superfluidity should be observed for a given interaction strength.

EPFL2016

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