Immigration law includes the national statutes, regulations, and legal precedents governing immigration into and deportation from a country. Strictly speaking, it is distinct from other matters such as naturalization and citizenship, although they are sometimes conflated. Countries frequently maintain laws that regulate both the rights of entry and exit as well as internal rights, such as the duration of stay, freedom of movement, and the right to participate in commerce or government.
Immigration laws vary around the world and throughout history, according to the social and political climate of the place and time, as the acceptance of immigrants sways from the widely inclusive to the deeply nationalist and isolationist. National laws regarding the immigration of citizens of that country are regulated by international law. The United Nations' International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights mandates that all countries allow entry to their own citizens.
this principle is not always respected in practice. For instance, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Australia adopted a policy of denying entry to all individuals in particularly affected jurisdictions, including Australian citizens and permanent residents. Similarly, while states within the Schengen Area typically permit freedom of movement across borders, many states within the area implemented ad hoc border controls during the pandemic.
Immigration policy is the aspect of border control concerning the transit of people into a country, especially those that intend to stay and work in the country. Taxation, tariff and trade rules set out what goods immigrants may bring with them, and what services they may perform while temporarily in the country. Agricultural policy may make exemptions for migrant farm workers, who typically enter a country only for the harvest season and then return home to a country or region in the Global South (such as Mexico or Jamaica from where U.S. and Canada, respectively, often import temporary agricultural labour).
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Explore l'inversion de l'immigration dans les années 1920, « La Grande Migration », le contrôle des passeports, le rôle de la Société des Nations, le « Passport » de Nansen et l'histoire biométrique.
thumb|right|300px|Un fort différentiel économique explique en partie l'immigration clandestine. Ici le mur de Nogales qui sépare à gauche les États-Unis et à droite le Mexique. L'immigration clandestine, l'immigration illégale, ou parfois immigration irrégulière est l'entrée illégale, illicite, ou discrète sur un territoire national d'étrangers n'ayant pas réalisé les formalités attendues.
International law (also known as public international law and the law of nations) is the set of rules, norms, and standards generally recognised as binding between states. It establishes normative guidelines and a common conceptual framework for states across a broad range of domains, including war and diplomacy, economic relations, and human rights. International law differs from state-based domestic legal systems in that it is primarily, though not exclusively, applicable to states, rather than to individuals, and operates largely through consent, since there is no universally accepted authority to enforce it upon sovereign states.
Un contrôle frontalier, ou contrôle douanier, est une mesure prise par un pays dans le but de sécuriser ou réguler ses frontières. Les contrôles frontaliers sont mis en place pour contrôler les allers et retours d'objets ou animaux appartenant aux voyageurs. Des agences gouvernementales spécialisées occupent habituellement cette fonction. De telles agences s'occupent de fonctions variées comme l'immigration, la sécurité et la mise en quarantaine, entre autres. Les contrôles frontaliers ont été mis en place après la Première Guerre mondiale.
This dissertation studies the relationship between immigration and innovation. It adopts an empirical perspective and focuses on Switzerland, combining the use of patent data and immigration administrative records. The first essay is based on a novel datab ...