Art in bronze and brass dates from remote antiquity. These important metals are alloys, bronze composed of copper and tin and brass of copper and zinc.
Proportions of each alloy vary slightly. Bronze may be normally considered as nine parts of copper to one of tin. Other ingredients which are occasionally found are more or less accidental. The result is a metal of a rich golden brown colour, capable of being worked by casting — a process little applicable to its component parts, but peculiarly successful with bronze, the density and hardness of the metal allowing it to take any impression of a mould, however delicate. It is thus possible to create ornamental work of various kinds.
The process of casting in bronze and brass is known as cire perdue, and is the most primitive and most commonly employed through the centuries, having been described in by the monk Theophilus, and also by Benvenuto Cellini. Briefly, it is as follows: a core, roughly representing the size and form of the object to be produced, is made of pounded brick, plaster or other similar substance and thoroughly dried. Upon this the artist overlays his wax, which he models to the degree required in his finished work. Passing from the core through the wax and projecting beyond are metal rods. The modelling being completed, called lost-wax casting, the outer covering which will form the mould has to be applied; this is a liquid formed of clay and plaster sufficiently thin to find its way into every detail of the wax model. Further coatings of liquid are applied, so that there is, when dry, a solid outer coating and a solid inner core held together by the metal rods, with the work of art modelled in wax between. Heat is applied and the wax melts and runs out, and the molten metal is poured in and occupies every detail which the wax had filled. When cool, the outer casing is carefully broken away, the core raked out as far as possible, the projecting rods are removed and the object modelled in wax appears in bronze. If further finish is required, it is obtained by tooling.
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Explore les propriétés et les applications des alliages de cuivre, y compris la conductivité, la stabilité, le durcissement structurel et les caractéristiques des bronzes et des laitons.
Explore les transformations de phase dans les métaux et les alliages, en discutant de la cinétique, du durcissement structurel et des obstacles de mouvement de dislocation.
thumb|Cratère en calice étrusque. Achille tuant un prisonnier troyen en présence du Charun avec un marteau (fin du ), Paris, département des Monnaies, Médailles et Antiques de la Bibliothèque nationale de France. thumb|Canthare janiforme (deuxième moitié av. J.-C), Paris, musée du Louvre. L'art étrusque est l'art produit par la civilisation étrusque du . L'art produit par cette civilisation est d'une grande richesse.
vignette|Orfèvre à l'exposition universelle de Paris (1889) L'orfèvre est un artisan et marchand qui fabrique et vend des objets d'orfèvrerie, ouvrages d’or et d’argent, de platine ou de tout métal précieux. Ce métier existe partout dans le monde et son histoire remonte à la Préhistoire. Il est proche du métier de bijoutier. vignette|Un orfèvre polonais au travail.Le nom d'orfèvrerie vient du latin auri et faber, ce qui veut dire « artisan de l'or ». L'orfèvrerie désigne le travail des métaux précieux, essentiellement l'or et l'argent.
La fonderie est l'un des procédés de formage des métaux qui consiste à couler un métal ou un alliage liquide dans un moule pour reproduire, après refroidissement, une pièce donnée (forme intérieure et extérieure) en limitant autant que possible les travaux ultérieurs de finition. Les techniques employées dépendent de l’alliage fondu, des dimensions, des caractéristiques et des quantités de pièces à produire.
The present study investigated the role of alloy microstructure and surface roughness on wear and friction behavior of leaded and unleaded tin bronzes. Ball-on-disk experiments were carried out under dry conditions with steel balls sliding against bronze d ...
2011
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Ceramic surface microstructuring is a rapidly growing field with a variety of applications in tribology, wetting, biology, and so on. However, there are limitations to large-area microstructuring and fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) micro free forms. ...
Amer Chemical Soc2015
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We have analyzed the influence of the two different Ti doping methods on the superconducting properties of bronze processed (Nb,Ta,Ti)3Sn multifilamentary wires with identical configuration, consisting of a Nb7.5wt.%Ta alloy processed to 14641 filaments of ...