Botanique

Résumé

vignette|redresse=1.5|Allégorie de la botanique. La botanique (du grec , féminin du mot , « qui concerne les herbes, les plantes »), nommée auparavant phytologie (du grec , « plante », et , « étude »), est la science qui a pour objet l'étude des végétaux. Elle présente plusieurs facettes qui la rattachent aux autres sciences du vivant. La botanique générale recouvre la taxinomie (description des caractères diagnostiques et différentiels), la systématique (dénombrement et classification des taxons dans un certain ordre), la morphologie végétale (décrivant les organes ou parties des végétaux), l'histologie végétale, la physiologie végétale, la biogéographie végétale et la pathologie végétale. Certaines disciplines, comme la dendrologie, sont spécialisées sur un sous-ensemble des végétaux. La connaissance fine des végétaux trouve des applications dans les domaines de la pharmacologie, de la sélection et de l'amélioration des plantes cultivées

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https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanique

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Les plantes (Plantae) sont des organismes photosynthétiques et autotrophes, caractérisés par des cellules végétales. Elles forment l'un des règnes des Eukaryota. Ce règne est un groupe monop

vignette|350px|La classification classique du vivant classe les êtres vivants selon une hiérarchie de groupes de plus en plus vastes. La taxonomie ou taxinomie est une branche des sciences naturelles

'Charles Robert Darwin' , né le à Shrewsbury dans le Shropshire et mort le à Downe dans le Kent, est un naturaliste et paléontologue britannique dont les travaux sur l'évolution des espèces vivantes

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Biogenic silica production in selected alpine plant species and plant communities

The biogenic silica extracted from samples of 28 alpine plant species belonging to 23 genera and nine families collected in the Swiss Alps (Valais) accounted for between 0.01 and 5.9% of the dry biomass of leaves and wood. Silica content, and plant contribution to the soil biogenic silica pool, varied widely among taxa. Plant net productivity and biogenic silica production From this study and from the literature have been used to predict the input made by different subalpine and alpine plant communities to soil-borne phytolith assemblages, and their contribution to the silicon biocycle. (C) 2001 Annals of Botany Company.

2001

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Microworlds for Ecology Explorations: From DigitalSeed to Biosphera in fostering children's understanding of plant biology

Mauro Cherubini

2004

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Cutover peatlands cover large surfaces of high potential value for biodiversity and carbon sequestration function if successfully restored but the evaluation of restoration success is not straighforward. We assessed the bioindicator value of organic matter (OM), testate amoebae (protozoa) and bacteria in peat from two regeneration stages and a reference site of a cutover bog. 2. Contrasting biochemical signatures of peat OM were observed along the regenerating profiles allowing clear differentiation between the newly regenerated peat and the old peat. Where peat macrofossils were absent sugar biomarkers allowed to infer peat botanical origin and OM alteration. 3. Over the succession, the OM composition of the new peat differed: peat from the recent stage was more dominated by Sphagnum-derived tissues and was characterised by lesser carbohydrate preservation and higher bacterial biomass than the advanced regeneration stage. 4. Surface testate amoeba communities also changed from the recent to the advanced stages of regeneration indicating a shift from wet and moderately acidic conditions to drier and more acidic conditions. Over this regeneration sequence (i) biomass and average size of species declined but were higher in the unexploited site (ii) species richness and diversity increased but density declined. 5. Synthesis and applications. Although the secondary succession in the cutover bog leads to an ecosystem similar to that of the reference site in terms of surface vegetation, OM and testate amoebae continue to reflect disturbances associated with peat harvesting. Nevertheless, the described dynamics of both microbial and biochemical variables over the succession showed similarities between the advanced stage and the reference: a higher testate amoeba diversity is associated with better carbohydrate preservation and a more heterogeneous botanical composition of the peat. The quantitative inference of water table depth and pH based on testate amoebae indicators represents an alternative to labour-intensive repeated measurements in the field. Botanical and biochemical composition of peat OM provides additional information on past anthropogenic perturbations of the bog and can be used for restoration monitoring. The combination of several indicators therefore provides a more complete assessment of ecological conditions which could be valuable for the management of cutover peatlands.

2008

Chargement

Cutover peatlands cover large surfaces of high potential value for biodiversity and carbon sequestration function if successfully restored but the evaluation of restoration success is not straighforward. We assessed the bioindicator value of organic matter (OM), testate amoebae (protozoa) and bacteria in peat from two regeneration stages and a reference site of a cutover bog. 2. Contrasting biochemical signatures of peat OM were observed along the regenerating profiles allowing clear differentiation between the newly regenerated peat and the old peat. Where peat macrofossils were absent sugar biomarkers allowed to infer peat botanical origin and OM alteration. 3. Over the succession, the OM composition of the new peat differed: peat from the recent stage was more dominated by Sphagnum-derived tissues and was characterised by lesser carbohydrate preservation and higher bacterial biomass than the advanced regeneration stage. 4. Surface testate amoeba communities also changed from the recent to the advanced stages of regeneration indicating a shift from wet and moderately acidic conditions to drier and more acidic conditions. Over this regeneration sequence (i) biomass and average size of species declined but were higher in the unexploited site (ii) species richness and diversity increased but density declined. 5. Synthesis and applications. Although the secondary succession in the cutover bog leads to an ecosystem similar to that of the reference site in terms of surface vegetation, OM and testate amoebae continue to reflect disturbances associated with peat harvesting. Nevertheless, the described dynamics of both microbial and biochemical variables over the succession showed similarities between the advanced stage and the reference: a higher testate amoeba diversity is associated with better carbohydrate preservation and a more heterogeneous botanical composition of the peat. The quantitative inference of water table depth and pH based on testate amoebae indicators represents an alternative to labour-intensive repeated measurements in the field. Botanical and biochemical composition of peat OM provides additional information on past anthropogenic perturbations of the bog and can be used for restoration monitoring. The combination of several indicators therefore provides a more complete assessment of ecological conditions which could be valuable for the management of cutover peatlands.

2008