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Sensibilité à la casse

Dans du texte, la casse (minuscule ou majuscule) des lettres peut parfois changer la signification. Les mots en lettres capitales (haut de casse) n'ont pas toujours le même sens s'ils sont écrits en minuscules (bas-de-casse). Par exemple, Rennes est une ville mais rennes désigne des caribous. Dans le Système international d'unités, M est le symbole du préfixe méga et m celui de milli. L'unité newton doit son nom à Newton. Et en astronomie, l'étoile n'est pas la planète . La sensibilité à la casse (traduction de l'anglais case sensitivity) est une notion informatique signifiant que dans un contexte donné, le sens d'une chaîne de caractères (par exemple un mot, un nom de variable, un nom de fichier, un code alphanumérique etc) dépend de la casse (capitale ou bas de casse) des lettres qu'elle contient. Ce terme tire son origine de la casse en typographie. La sensibilité à la casse peut intervenir dans le tri par ordre alphabétique comme dans les comparaisons. La sensibilité à la cass

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Publications associées (22)

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This course gives an introduction to the fundamental concepts and methods of the Digital Humanities, both from a theoretical and applied point of view. The course introduces the Digital Humanities circle of processing and interpretation, from data acquisition to new understandings.

Students will acquire basic knowledge about methodologies and tools for the design, optimization, and verification of custom digital systems/hardware. They learn how to design synchronous digital circuits on register transfer level, analyse their timing and implement them in VHDL and on FPGAs.

Repetition of the basic concepts of quantum mechanics and main numerical algorithms used for practical implementions. Basic principles of electronic structure methods:Hartree-Fock, many body perturbation theory, configuration interaction, coupled-cluster theory, density functional theory.

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The e-MERGE Survey (e-MERLIN Galaxy Evolution Survey): overview and survey description

Jean-Paul Richard Kneib, Mark Thomas Sargent, Cole Stewart Simpson

We present an overview and description of the e-MERGE Survey (e-MERLIN Galaxy Evolution Survey) Data Release 1 (DR1), a large program of high-resolution 1.5-GHz radio observations of the GOODS-N field comprising similar to 140 h of observations with enhanced-Multi-Element Remotely Linked Interferometer Network (e-MERLIN) and similar to 40 h with the Very Large Array (VLA). We combine the long baselines of e-MERLIN (providing high angular resolution) with the relatively closely packed antennas of the VLA (providing excellent surface brightness sensitivity) to produce a deep 1.5-GHz radio survey with the sensitivity (similar to 1.5 mu Jy beam(-1)), angular resolution (0.2-0.7 arcsec) and field-of-view (similar to 15x15 arcmin(2)) to detect and spatially resolve star-forming galaxies and active galactic nucleus (AGN) at z greater than or similar to 1. The goal of e-MERGE is to provide new constraints on the deep, sub-arcsecond radio sky which will be surveyed by SKA1-mid. In this initial publication, we discuss our data analysis techniques, including steps taken to model in-beam source variability over an similar to 20-yr baseline and the development of newpoint spread function/primary beam models to seamlessly merge e-MERLIN and VLA data in the uv plane. We present early science results, including measurements of the luminosities and/or linear sizes of similar to 500 galaxies selected at 1.5 GHz. In combination with deep Hubble Space Telescope observations, we measure a mean radio-to-optical size ratio of r(e-MERGE)/r(HST) similar to 1.02 +/- 0.03, suggesting that in most high-redshift galaxies, the similar to GHz continuum emission traces the stellar light seen in optical imaging. This is the first in a series of papers that will explore the similar to kpc-scale radio properties of star-forming galaxies and AGN in the GOODS-N field observed by e-MERGE DR1.

OXFORD UNIV PRESS2020

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Second-order sensitivity in the cylinder wake: Optimal spanwise-periodic wall actuation and wall deformation

Edouard Boujo, Andrea Fani, François Gallaire

Two-dimensional (2D) flows can be controlled efficiently using spanwise "waviness," i.e., a control (e.g., wall blowing and suction or wall deformation) that is periodic in the spanwise direction. This study tackles the global linear stability of 2D flows subject to small-amplitude three-dimensional (3D) spanwise-periodic control. Building on previous work for parallel flows, an adjoint method is proposed for computing the second-order sensitivity of eigenvalues. Since such control has indeed a zero net first-order (linear) effect, the second-order (quadratic) effect prevails. The sensitivity operator allows one (i) to predict the effect of any control without actually computing the controlled flow and (ii) to compute the optimal control (and an orthogonal set of suboptimal controls) for stabilization and destabilization or frequency modification. The proposed method takes advantage of the very spanwise-periodic nature of the control to reduce computational complexity (from a fully 3D problem to a 2D problem). The approach is applied to the leading eigenvalue of the laminar flow around a circular cylinder, and two kinds of spanwise-harmonic control are explored: (i) wall actuation via blowing and/or suction and (ii) wall deformation. By decomposing the eigenvalue variation, we found that the 3D contribution (from the spanwise-periodic first-order flow modification) is generally larger than the 2D contribution from the mean flow correction (spanwise-invariant second-order flow modification). Over a wide range of control spanwise wave numbers, the optimal control for flow stabilization is symmetric about the wake centerline, leading to varicose streaks in the cylinder wake. Analyzing the competition between amplification and stabilization shows that optimal varicose streaks are not significantly more amplified than sinuous streaks but have a stronger stabilizing effect. The optimal wall deformation induces a flow modification very similar to that induced by the optimal wall actuation. In general, spanwise and tangential actuation have a small contribution to the optimal control, so normal-only actuation is a good trade-off between simplicity and effectiveness. Our method opens the way to the systematic design of optimal spanwise-periodic control for a variety of control objectives other than linear stability properties.

AMER PHYSICAL SOC2019

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Prediction of Self-Assembled Dewetted Nanostructures for Photonics Applications via a Continuum-Mechanics Framework

François Gallaire, Pier Giuseppe Ledda, Louis Marie Philippe Martin-Monier, Pierre-Luc Eloi Piveteau, Fabien Sorin

When a liquid film lies on a nonwettable substrate, the configuration is unstable, and the film spontaneously ruptures to form droplets. This phenomenon, known as dewetting, commonly leads to undesirable morphological changes. Nevertheless, recent works, combining spontaneous dewetting triggered by thermal annealing and topographic pattern-directed dewetting, demonstrate the possibility of harnessing dewetting with a degree of precision on par with that of advanced lithographic processes for high-performance nanophotonic applications. Since resonant behavior is highly sensitive to geometrical changes, predicting quantitatively dewetting dynamics is of high interest. Here, we develop a continuum model that predicts the evolution of a thin film on a patterned substrate, from the initial reflow to the nucleation and growth of holes. We provide an operative framework based on macroscopic measurements to model the intermolecular interactions at the origin of the dewetting process, involving length scales that span from sub-nanometer to micrometer. A comparison of experimental and simulated results shows that the model can accurately predict the final distributions, thereby offering predictive tools to tailor the optical response of dewetted nanostructures.

2021

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Système de fichiers

Le terme système de fichiers (abrégé « FS » pour File System, parfois filesystem en anglais) désigne de façon ambigüe :

soit l'organisation hiérarchique des fichiers au sein d'un système d'exploit

Interface en ligne de commande

vignette|300px|Capture d'écran d'un shell Bash sous Gentoo. Une interface en ligne de commande ou ILC (en anglais command line interface, couramment abrégé CLI) est une interface homme-machine dans

Système d'exploitation

En informatique, un système d'exploitation (souvent appelé OS — de l'anglais operating system — ou parfois SE — en français) est un ensemble de programmes qui dirige l'utilisation des ressources d'u