Spindle checkpointThe spindle checkpoint, also known as the metaphase-to-anaphase transition, the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), the metaphase checkpoint, or the mitotic checkpoint, is a cell cycle checkpoint during mitosis or meiosis that prevents the separation of the duplicated chromosomes (anaphase) until each chromosome is properly attached to the spindle. To achieve proper segregation, the two kinetochores on the sister chromatids must be attached to opposite spindle poles (bipolar orientation).
Métaphasevignette|Métaphase en vue de profil. vignette|Cycle cellulaire. La (du grec ancien μετά, metá : « au-delà, après ») est la seconde phase de la mitose et de la méiose (ou troisième phase si on considère la prométaphase et la métaphase comme deux étapes distinctes). Pour la mitose humaine, la métaphase est très rapide (5 % de la mitose) et correspond au rassemblement des chromosomes condensés à deux chromatides à l’équateur de la cellule pour former la plaque équatoriale, avant d’être séparés pendant l'anaphase.
Cell cycle checkpointCell cycle checkpoints are control mechanisms in the eukaryotic cell cycle which ensure its proper progression. Each checkpoint serves as a potential termination point along the cell cycle, during which the conditions of the cell are assessed, with progression through the various phases of the cell cycle occurring only when favorable conditions are met. There are many checkpoints in the cell cycle, but the three major ones are: the G1 checkpoint, also known as the Start or restriction checkpoint or Major Checkpoint; the G2/M checkpoint; and the metaphase-to-anaphase transition, also known as the spindle checkpoint.
CohésineLa cohésine est un complexe qui est impliqué dans la cohésion des deux chromatides sœurs après la réplication (phase S) jusqu'à l'anaphase (phase M), ainsi que dans la formation de boucles d'ADN. Cohésine est un membre de la famille de protéines SMC, qui comprend également la condensine. Le complexe cohésine est conservé de la levure à l’homme. alt=2 sous-unité constituées de longues hélices alpha, Smc1 et Smc3 ainsi que une sous-unité désorganisée Scc1 forment un anneau d'un diamètre de 35nm.
Cyclin ACyclin A is a member of the cyclin family, a group of proteins that function in regulating progression through the cell cycle. The stages that a cell passes through that culminate in its division and replication are collectively known as the cell cycle Since the successful division and replication of a cell is essential for its survival, the cell cycle is tightly regulated by several components to ensure the efficient and error-free progression through the cell cycle.
G1 phaseDISPLAYTITLE:G1 phase The G1 phase, gap 1 phase, or growth 1 phase, is the first of four phases of the cell cycle that takes place in eukaryotic cell division. In this part of interphase, the cell synthesizes mRNA and proteins in preparation for subsequent steps leading to mitosis. G1 phase ends when the cell moves into the S phase of interphase. Around 30 to 40 percent of cell cycle time is spent in the G1 phase.
AnaphaseL'anaphase (du grec ancien ἀνά, ana : « en haut » et φάσις, fasis : « apparence ») est une phase très rapide de la méiose et de la mitose où les chromatides sœurs (durant la mitose ou la méiose II) ou les chromosomes homologues (durant la méiose I) se séparent et migrent vers les pôles opposés de la cellule. Durant cette phase, à la suite d'un signal spécifique, les chromatides sœurs se séparent brutalement. Elles sont alors « tirées » par les microtubules en direction du pôle auquel elles sont rattachées.
Fuseau mitotiquevignette|480x480px|Fuseau mitotique à la métaphase, on retrouve les 2 centrosomes, les divers types de microtubules et les différents moteurs protéiques.Le fuseau mitotique, ou appareil mitotique achromatique, est un système mis en place par les cellules eucaryotes pour permettre la migration des chromatides lors de la division cellulaire dès le stade de la prophase. Il est constitué de microtubules et de protéines associées et forme un véritable fuseau entre les pôles opposés d’une cellule.
G2 phaseDISPLAYTITLE:G2 phase G2 phase, Gap 2 phase, or Growth 2 phase, is the third subphase of interphase in the cell cycle directly preceding mitosis. It follows the successful completion of S phase, during which the cell’s DNA is replicated. G2 phase ends with the onset of prophase, the first phase of mitosis in which the cell’s chromatin condenses into chromosomes. G2 phase is a period of rapid cell growth and protein synthesis during which the cell prepares itself for mitosis.
PLK1Serine/threonine-protein kinase PLK1, also known as polo-like kinase 1 (PLK-1) or serine/threonine-protein kinase 13 (STPK13), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PLK1 (polo-like kinase 1) gene. PLK1 consists of 603 amino acids and is 66kDa. In addition to the N-terminus kinase domain, there are two conserved polo-box regions of 30 amino acids at the C-terminus. Kinase activity is regulated at least in part, by the polo-boxes that are functionally important for both auto-inhibition and subcellular localization.
