The neural fold is a structure that arises during neurulation in the embryonic development of both birds and mammals among other organisms. This structure is associated with primary neurulation, meaning that it forms by the coming together of tissue layers, rather than a clustering, and subsequent hollowing out, of individual cells (known as secondary neurulation). In humans, the neural folds are responsible for the formation of the anterior end of the neural tube. The neural folds are derived from the neural plate, a preliminary structure consisting of elongated ectoderm cells. The folds give rise to neural crest cells, as well as bringing about the formation of the neural tube.
In the embryo, the formation of the neural folds originates from the area where the neural plate and the surrounding ectoderm converge. This region of the embryo is formed after gastrulation, and consists of epithelial tissue. Here, the epithelial cells elongate by means of microtubule polymerization, increasing their height. The thumbnail below shows this process, as well as the subsequent formation of the neural crest cells and the neural tube, which arise from the joining of the neural folds.
The formation of the neural fold is initiated by the release of calcium from within the cells. The released calcium interacts with proteins that can modify the actin filaments in the outer epithelial tissue, or ectoderm, in order to induce the dynamic cell movements necessary to create the fold. These cells are held together by cadherins (specifically E and N-cadherin), types of intercellular binding protein. When the cells at the peaks of the neural folds come in proximity with each other, it is the affinity for similar cadherin molecules (N-cadherins) that allows these cells to bind to each other. Thus, when the neural tube precursor cells begin expressing N-cadherin in the place of E-cadherin, this causes the neural tube to form and separate from the ectoderm and settle inside the embryo.
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This course will provide the fundamental knowledge in neuroscience required to
understand how the brain is organised and how function at multiple scales is
integrated to give rise to cognition and beh
This course will provide the fundamental knowledge in neuroscience required to
understand how the brain is organised and how function at multiple scales is
integrated to give rise to cognition and beh
This course will provide the fundamental knowledge in neuroscience required to
understand how the brain is organised and how function at multiple scales is
integrated to give rise to cognition and beh
Couvre le développement du système nerveux central et la sécrétion de l'hormone de croissance, ainsi que le traitement de l'acromégalie en utilisant des analogues de la somatostatine.
Explore les mécanismes de migration cellulaire, les cellules germinales, la crête neurale, les placodes et le silençage du génome.
Explore la mécanique tissulaire, l'adhésion cellulaire et les mécanismes de gastrulation, y compris le tri cellulaire, l'équilibre des forces et la régulation génétique.
Students will learn essentials of cell and developmental biology with an engineering mind set, with an emphasis on animal model systems and quantitative approaches.
The goal of the course is to guide students through the essential aspects of molecular neuroscience and neurodegenerative diseases. The student will gain the ability to dissect the molecular basis of
Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary field that broadly impacts human health. This course provides students an overview of how engineering approaches can be used to investigate and manipulate ce
vignette|Schéma de la formation de la crête neurale à partir de la plaque neurale. La gouttière neurale est le sillon qui se forme par invagination de la plaque neurale au cours de la neurulation de l'embryon chez les Chordés. Cette invagination soulève les bords de la plaque neurale qui s'épaississent en bourrelets neuraux : ces deux bords du neuroectoderme se rapprochent et s'unissent ensuite jusqu'à former le tube neural. Elle correspond à l'étape intermédiaire de la neurulation qui comporte 3 stades : plaque neurale, gouttière neurale et tube neural.
vignette|Structure de la protéine NOG PDB La noggine est une protéine sécrétée par la chorde. Elle inhibe le facteur autocrine BMP4. En effet, selon le modèle du cerveau par défaut, l'ectoderme se différencie spontanément en neuroectoderme. Mais l'expression de BMP4 par l'ectoderme lui-même (d'où le facteur autocrine) induit cette non différenciation et lui permet de garder cette nature ectodermique.
La crête neurale ou plaque du toit désigne, chez l'embryon des craniates, une population de cellules transitoires et multipotentes générées à partir de la région la plus dorsale du tube neural. Ces cellules migrent dans l’ensemble de l'embryon au cours du développement et donnent naissance à une grande diversité de types cellulaires chez l'adulte.
Implantable neural interfaces are an emerging concept which is revolutionizing various domains of medicine and rehabilitation. However, the long-term efficiency and reliability of these devices is often limited, mainly attributed to the fundamental differe ...
In this thesis, I present a self-organizing neural tube organoid that is strikingly similar in morphology, cell-type composition, and patterning to the mouse embryonic neural tube. When exposed to a sequence of epiblast culture conditions and neural differ ...
EPFL2021
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The body axis of vertebrate embryos is periodically subdivided into 3D multicellular units called somites. While genetic oscillations and molecular prepatterns determine the initial length-scale of somites, mechanical processes have been implicated in sett ...