Régression de Cox

Résumé

La régression de Cox (modèle à risque proportionnel) est une classe de modèles de survie en statistique. Les modèles de survie étudient le temps écoulé avant qu'un événement ne survienne. Historiquement, dans le modèle de Cox, cet événement est le décès de l'individu, c'est pourquoi on parle généralement de survie et de décès. Au cours des années, l'utilisation du modèle s'est étendue à d'autres situations, l'événement peut donc être de quelconque nature : il peut s'agir de la récidive d'une maladie, ou à l'inverse d'une guérison. D'un point de vue statistique, la nature de l'événement n'est bien sûr pas importante, il s'agira alors d'interpréter les coefficients en conséquence. Prenons le cas d'une étude longitudinale, bien souvent, il n'est pas envisageable de suivre les individus sur une longue période, et les événements ne sont pas forcément observés sur toute la population, on parle alors de données tronquées ou censurées. L'avantage d'un modèle comme celui de Cox est que l'on

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9gression_de_Cox

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This course covers statistical methods that are widely used in medicine and biology. A key topic is the analysis of longitudinal data: that is, methods to evaluate exposures, effects and outcomes that are functions of time. While motivated by real-life problems, some of the material will be abstract

This course gives an introduction to the modeling of interest rates and credit risk. Such models are used for the valuation of interest rate securities with and without credit risk, the management and hedging of bond portfolios and the valuation and usage of interest rate and credit derivatives.

This course covers topics in applied biostatistics, with an emphasis on practical aspects of data analysis using R statistical software. Topics include types of studies and their design and analysis, high dimensional data analysis (genetic/genomic) and other topics as time and interest permit.

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Séances de cours associées (15)

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Transforming cumulative hazard estimates

Pal Christie Ryalen, Mats Julius Stensrud

Time-to-event outcomes are often evaluated on the hazard scale, but interpreting hazards may be difficult. Recently in the causal inference literature concerns have been raised that hazards actually have a built-in selection bias that prevents simple causal interpretations. This is a problem even in randomized controlled trials, where hazard ratios have become a standard measure of treatment effects. Modelling on the hazard scale is nevertheless convenient, for example to adjust for covariates; using hazards for intermediate calculations may therefore be desirable. In this paper we present a generic method for transforming hazard estimates consistently to other scales at which these built-in selection biases are avoided. The method is based on differential equations and generalizes a well-known relation between the Nelson–Aalen and Kaplan–Meier estimators. Using the martingale central limit theorem, we show that covariances can be estimated consistently for a large class of estimators, thus allowing for rapid calculation of confidence intervals. Hence, given cumulative hazard estimates based on, for example, Aalen’s additive hazard model, we can obtain many other parameters without much more effort. We give several examples and the associated estimators. Coverage and convergence speed are explored via simulations, and the results suggest that reliable estimates can be obtained in real-life scenarios.

2018

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Causal inference in continuous time: an example on prostate cancer therapy

Pal Christie Ryalen, Mats Julius Stensrud

In marginal structural models (MSMs), time is traditionally treated as a discrete parameter. In survival analysis on the other hand, we study processes that develop in continuous time. Therefore, Røysland (2011. A martingale approach to continuous-time marginal structural models. Bernoulli 17, 895–915) developed the continuous-time MSMs, along with continuous-time weights. The continuous-time weights are conceptually similar to the inverse probability weights that are used in discrete time MSMs. Here, we demonstrate that continuous-time MSMs may be used in practice. First, we briefly describe the causal model assumptions using counting process notation, and we suggest how causal effect estimates can be derived by calculating continuous-time weights. Then, we describe how additive hazard models can be used to find such effect estimates. Finally, we apply this strategy to compare medium to long-term differences between the two prostate cancer treatments radical prostatectomy and radiation therapy, using data from the Norwegian Cancer Registry. In contrast to the results of a naive analysis, we find that the marginal cumulative incidence of treatment failure is similar between the strategies, accounting for the competing risk of other death.

2020

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Marginal structural models (MSMs) allow for causal analysis of longitudinal data. The standard MSM is based on discrete time models, but the continuous-time MSM is a conceptually appealing alternative for survival analysis. In applied analyses, it is often assumed that the theoretical treatment weights are known, but these weights are usually unknown and must be estimated from the data. Here we provide a sufficient condition for continuous-time MSM to be consistent even when the weights are estimated, and we show how additive hazard models can be used to estimate such weights. Our results suggest that continuous-time weights perform better than IPTW when the underlying process is continuous. Furthermore, we may wish to transform effect estimates of hazards to other scales that are easier to interpret causally. We show that a general transformation strategy can be used on weighted cumulative hazard estimates to obtain a range of other parameters in survival analysis, and explain how this strategy can be applied on data using our R packages ahw and transform.hazards.

2019

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