Majority ruleMajority rule is the principle that the group that has the most supporters gets its way. A majority is more than half of the voters involved, and rule by such a majority is thought to be to the benefit of more than rule by less than half (a mere minority) would be. Majority rule is the binary decision rule most often used in decision-making bodies, including many legislatures of democratic nations. Where no one party wins a majority of the seats in a legislature, the majority of legislators that wields power is partly composed of members of other parties in support.
Théorème d'impossibilité d'ArrowLe théorème d'impossibilité d'Arrow, également appelé « paradoxe d'Arrow » (du nom de l'économiste américain Kenneth Arrow), est une confirmation mathématique, dans certaines conditions précises, du paradoxe soulevé et décrit dès 1785 par Nicolas de Condorcet. Supposons que chaque électeur ne puisse exprimer son opinion que de manière qualitative, en indiquant comment il classe les unes par rapport aux autres les options envisagées.
Paradoxe de CondorcetLe paradoxe de Condorcet dit qu'il est possible, lors d'un vote où l'on demande aux votants de classer trois propositions (A, B et C) par ordre de préférence, qu'une majorité de votants préfère A à B, qu'une autre préfère B à C et qu'une autre préfère C à A. Les décisions prises à une majorité populaire par ce mode de scrutin ne sont donc pas, dans ce cas, cohérentes avec celles que prendrait un individu supposé rationnel, car le choix entre A et C ne serait pas le même selon que B est présent ou non.
Consistency criterionA voting system is consistent if, whenever the electorate is divided (arbitrarily) into several parts and elections in those parts garner the same result, then an election of the entire electorate also garners that result. Smith calls this property separability and Woodall calls it convexity. It has been proven a ranked voting system is "consistent if and only if it is a scoring function", i.e. a positional voting system. Borda count is an example of this. The failure of the consistency criterion can be seen as an example of Simpson's paradox.
Smith criterionThe Smith criterion (sometimes generalized Condorcet criterion, but this can have other meanings) is a voting systems criterion defined such that it's satisfied when a voting system always elects a candidate that is in the Smith set, which is the smallest non-empty subset of the candidates such that every candidate in the subset is majority-preferred over every candidate not in the subset. (A candidate X is said to be majority-preferred over another candidate Y if, in a one-on-one competition between X & Y, the number of voters who prefer X over Y exceeds the number of voters who prefer Y over X.
