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Concept
Hell in Christianity
Résumé
In Christian theology, Hell is the place or state into which, by God's definitive judgment, unrepentant sinners pass in the general judgment, or, as some Christians believe, immediately after death (particular judgment). Its character is inferred from teaching in the biblical texts, some of which, interpreted literally, have given rise to the popular idea of Hell. Theologians today generally see Hell as the logical consequence of rejecting union with God and with God's justice and mercy.
Different Hebrew and Greek words are translated as "Hell" in most English-language Bibles. These words include:
"Sheol" in the Hebrew Bible, and "Hades" in the New Testament. Many modern versions, such as the New International Version, translate Sheol as "grave" and simply transliterate "Hades". It is generally agreed that both sheol and hades do not typically refer to the place of eternal punishment, but to the grave, the temporary abode of the dead, the underworld.
"Gehenna" in the New Testament, where it is described as a place where both soul and body could be destroyed (Matthew 10:28) in "unquenchable fire" (Mark 9:43). The word is translated as either "Hell" or "Hell fire" in many English versions. Gehenna was a physical location outside the city walls where they burned rubbish and where lepers and outcasts were sent, hence the weeping and gnashing of teeth.
The Greek verb ταρταρῶ (tartarō, derived from Tartarus), which occurs once in the New Testament (in 2 Peter 2:4), is almost always translated by a phrase such as "thrown down to hell". A few translations render it as "Tartarus"; of this term, the Holman Christian Standard Bible states: "Tartarus is a Greek name for a subterranean place of divine punishment lower than Hades."
Sheol and Gehenna
In ancient Jewish belief, the dead were consigned to Sheol, a place to which all were sent indiscriminately (cf. ; ; ; ). Sheol was thought of as a place situated below the ground (cf. ), a place of darkness, silence and forgetfulness (cf. Job 10:21).
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Théologie chrétienne
La théologie chrétienne veut « rendre raison de la foi chrétienne ». Elle est une tentative d'intelligence rationnelle de la foi au moyen des catégories de diverses philosophies (grecques au départ, modernes ensuite). Selon la formule de saint Anselme de Cantorbéry, on la définit comme Fides quaerens intellectum. La théologie désigne le discours croyant sur Dieu, la Bible, la religion et l'Église, et notamment sur les doctrines chrétiennes, élaborée selon les moyens et la perspective énoncés ci-dessus.
Problem of Hell
The problem of Hell is an ethical problem in the Abrahamic religions of Christianity, Islam and Judaism, in which the existence of Hell (aka Jahannam or Sheol) for the punishment of souls in the Afterlife is regarded as inconsistent with the notion of a just, moral, and omnipotent, omnibenevolent, omniscient supreme being.
Limbes
Dans le catholicisme, les limbes (du latin limbus, « marge, frange ») sont un état de l'au-delà situé aux marges de l'enfer. Par extension, les limbes sont un état intermédiaire et flou. Le , la Commission théologique internationale de l'Église catholique a publié un rapport consultatif sur la question, déclarant que . Le concept de « limbes » comme état dans lequel seraient les enfants non baptisés est donc , contraire à la nature même de Dieu, miséricordieux et sauveur et à la nature universelle du Salut.