Subject–auxiliary inversionSubject–auxiliary inversion (SAI; also called subject–operator inversion) is a frequently occurring type of inversion in English, whereby a finite auxiliary verb – taken here to include finite forms of the copula be – appears to "invert" (change places) with the subject. The word order is therefore Aux-S (auxiliary–subject), which is the opposite of the canonical SV (subject–verb) order of declarative clauses in English.
MarkednessIn linguistics and social sciences, markedness is the state of standing out as nontypical or divergent as opposed to regular or common. In a marked–unmarked relation, one term of an opposition is the broader, dominant one. The dominant default or minimum-effort form is known as unmarked; the other, secondary one is marked. In other words, markedness involves the characterization of a "normal" linguistic unit against one or more of its possible "irregular" forms.
Relational grammarIn linguistics, relational grammar (RG) is a syntactic theory which argues that primitive grammatical relations provide the ideal means to state syntactic rules in universal terms. Relational grammar began as an alternative to transformational grammar. In relational grammar, constituents that serve as the arguments to predicates are numbered in what is called the grammatical relations (GR) hierarchy. This numbering system corresponds loosely to the notions of subject, direct object and indirect object.
Move αMove α is a feature of the Revised Extended Standard Theory (REST) of transformational grammar developed by Noam Chomsky in the late 1970s. The term refers to the relation between an indexed constituent and its trace t, e.g., the relation of whom and [t] in the example Whom1 do you think you are kidding t1 ? In the 1990s Minimalist Program, it became a structure-building operation together with "Merge". "α" is the placeholder symbol for the moved constituent. The constituent (whom) and its trace (t) are said to form a "chain".
Sémantique générativeLa sémantique générative est le nom donné à un programme de recherche en linguistique initié par les travaux de plusieurs des premiers élèves de Noam Chomsky : John R. Ross, Paul Postal, et par la suite James McCawley. George Lakoff a aussi contribué au développement et à la promotion de la théorie. Cette approche s’est développée à partir de la grammaire générative et transformationnelle au milieu des années 1960, mais s’en démarquait en grande partie et allait à l’encontre des travaux de Noam Chomsky et des élèves à qui il enseigna plus tard.
Howard LasnikHoward Lasnik (born July 3, 1945) is a distinguished university professor in the department of linguistics at the University of Maryland. He studied at the Carnegie Institute of Technology (B.S., 1967), Harvard University (M.A., 1969) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Ph.D., 1972). He joined the faculty of the University of Connecticut in 1972, and took up his present post at the University of Maryland in 2002.
Ellipse (rhétorique)L’ellipse (substantif féminin) (du grec ancien , « manque, défaut, insuffisance ») est un procédé grammatical qui consiste à omettre un ou plusieurs éléments en principe nécessaires à la compréhension du texte, pour produire un effet de raccourci. Elle oblige le récepteur à rétablir mentalement ce que l’auteur passe sous silence. La brachylogie est une variante brève de l'ellipse. En narratologie, une « ellipse temporelle », également appelée « ellipse narrative » consiste à passer sous silence une période, c'est-à-dire à ne pas en raconter les événements.
Grammaire d'arbres adjointsLa grammaire d'arbres adjoints, grammaire TAG, ou légèrement sensible au contexte, est un formalisme d'analyse grammaticale introduit par Aravind K. Joshi et ses collègues en 1975. Ce formalisme a été utilisé à différentes fins, et particulièrement en linguistique formelle et informatique pour le traitement de la syntaxe des langues naturelles. Historiquement, il a d'abord permis de représenter de manière directe des dépendances à longue distance et il permet également de représenter les dépendances croisées du suisse allemand et du flamand occidental, phénomène qui ne peut se traiter avec une grammaire de réécriture hors contexte, comme l'a montré S.
Langue and paroleLangue and parole is a theoretical linguistic dichotomy distinguished by Ferdinand de Saussure in his Course in General Linguistics. The French term langue ('[an individual] language') encompasses the abstract, systematic rules and conventions of a signifying system; it is independent of, and pre-exists, the individual user. It involves the principles of language, without which no meaningful utterance, or parole, would be possible.
Branching (linguistics)In linguistics, branching refers to the shape of the parse trees that represent the structure of sentences. Assuming that the language is being written or transcribed from left to right, parse trees that grow down and to the right are right-branching, and parse trees that grow down and to the left are left-branching. The direction of branching reflects the position of heads in phrases, and in this regard, right-branching structures are head-initial, whereas left-branching structures are head-final.
