Substantive due process

Substantive due process is a principle in United States constitutional law that allows courts to establish and protect certain fundamental rights from government interference, even if they are unenumerated elsewhere in the U.S. Constitution. Courts have asserted that such protections come from the due process clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth amendments to the U.S. Constitution, which prohibit the federal and state governments, respectively, from depriving any person of "life, liberty, or property, without due process of law". Substantive due process demarks the line between those acts that courts hold to be subject to government regulation or legislation and those that courts place beyond the reach of governmental interference. Whether the Fifth or Fourteenth Amendments were intended to serve that function continues to be a matter of scholarly as well as judicial discussion and dissent. In recent opinions, Justice Clarence Thomas has called on the Supreme Court to reconsider all of its rulings that were based on substantive due process. Substantive due process is to be distinguished from procedural due process. The distinction arises from the words "of law" in the phrase "due process of law". Procedural due process protects individuals from the coercive power of government by ensuring that adjudication processes, under valid laws, are fair and impartial. Such protections, for example, include sufficient and timely notice of why a party is required to appear before a court or other governmental body, the right to an impartial trier of fact and trier of law, and the right to give testimony and present relevant evidence at hearings. In contrast, substantive due process protects individuals against majoritarian policy enactments that exceed the limits of governmental authority: courts may find that a majority's enactment is not law and cannot be enforced as such, even if the processes of enactment and enforcement were actually fair.

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Strict scrutiny

In U.S. constitutional law, when a law infringes upon a fundamental constitutional right, the court may apply the strict scrutiny standard. Strict scrutiny holds the challenged law as presumptively invalid unless the government can demonstrate that the law or regulation is necessary to achieve a "compelling state interest". The government must also demonstrate that the law is "narrowly tailored" to achieve that compelling purpose, and that it uses the "least restrictive means" to achieve that purpose.

Griswold v. Connecticut

Griswold v. Connecticut, , est une décision de justice importante aux États-Unis. La Cour suprême des États-Unis déclara que la constitution américaine protégeait le droit à la vie privée. Le jugement portait sur une loi de l'état du Connecticut la Comstock law qui interdisait toute personne d'utiliser . La Cour a statué que la loi était inconstitutionnelle par l'effet consistant à nier aux citoyens défavorisés l’accès à une assistance médicale et à des informations à jour concernant les méthodes appropriées de contrôle des naissances.

Lawrence v. Texas

Lawrence v. Texas (539 U.S. 558) est un arrêt rendu par la Cour suprême des États-Unis en 2003, déclarant la loi texane sur la sodomie, qui visait les relations homosexuelles exclusivement, incompatible avec les exigences de due process affirmées dans le Quatorzième amendement de la Constitution fédérale. L'affaire débute en 1998, lorsque John Geddes Lawrence et Tyron Garner sont condamnés sur le fondement d'une loi du Texas interdisant les rapports sexuels anaux entre personnes de même sexe.