Concept
Structure cristalline
Concepts associés (38)
Joint de grains
Un joint de grains est l'interface entre deux cristaux de même structure cristalline et de même composition, mais d’orientation différente. vignette|Microstructure de VT22 () après trempe. L'échelle est en micromètres. vignette|Schéma d'un joint de grain, dont les atomes communs à deux cristaux (orange et bleu) sont représentés en vert. Les joints de grains peuvent se former dans deux cas de figure : lors de la solidification du matériau et par recristallisation, durant certains traitements thermomécaniques.
Crystallographic point group
In crystallography, a crystallographic point group is a set of symmetry operations, corresponding to one of the point groups in three dimensions, such that each operation (perhaps followed by a translation) would leave the structure of a crystal unchanged i.e. the same kinds of atoms would be placed in similar positions as before the transformation.
Unit cell
In geometry, biology, mineralogy and solid state physics, a unit cell is a repeating unit formed by the vectors spanning the points of a lattice. Despite its suggestive name, the unit cell (unlike a unit vector, for example) does not necessarily have unit size, or even a particular size at all. Rather, the primitive cell is the closest analogy to a unit vector, since it has a determined size for a given lattice and is the basic building block from which larger cells are constructed.
Système cristallin orthorhombique
En cristallographie, le système cristallin orthorhombique est l'un des sept systèmes cristallins dans lesquels on classe les cristaux selon leurs propriétés de symétrie. Tout cristal orthorhombique possède comme opération de symétrie une rotation binaire ou une réflexion, voire les deux, selon trois directions perpendiculaires qui sont choisies comme axes du référentiel.
Close-packing of equal spheres
In geometry, close-packing of equal spheres is a dense arrangement of congruent spheres in an infinite, regular arrangement (or lattice). Carl Friedrich Gauss proved that the highest average density – that is, the greatest fraction of space occupied by spheres – that can be achieved by a lattice packing is The same packing density can also be achieved by alternate stackings of the same close-packed planes of spheres, including structures that are aperiodic in the stacking direction.
Cristobalite
La cristobalite est un minéral, composé de dioxyde de silicium de formule SiO2 avec des traces : Fe, Ca, Al, K, Na, Ti, Mn, Mg, P. La cristobalite est stable seulement au-dessus de , mais elle peut cristalliser et persister dans un état métastable à des températures plus basses. La persistance de la cristobalite en dehors de sa stabilité thermodynamique est rendue possible par les barrières cinétiques qui s'opposent à une transformation de phase reconstructive à travers une réorganisation atomique.
Paramètre cristallin
Les paramètres cristallins, aussi appelés paramètres de maille, sont des grandeurs utilisées pour décrire la maille d'un cristal. On distingue trois longueurs (a, b, c) et trois angles (α, β, γ) qui déterminent entièrement le parallélépipède qu'est la maille, élémentaire ou multiple. Les paramètres a, b et c sont mesurés en ångströms (Å), en nanomètres (nm), parfois en picomètres, et α, β et γ en degrés (°).
Atome interstitiel
In materials science, an interstitial defect is a type of point crystallographic defect where an atom of the same or of a different type, occupies an interstitial site in the crystal structure. When the atom is of the same type as those already present they are known as a self-interstitial defect. Alternatively, small atoms in some crystals may occupy interstitial sites, such as hydrogen in palladium.
Reactivity (chemistry)
In chemistry, reactivity is the impulse for which a chemical substance undergoes a chemical reaction, either by itself or with other materials, with an overall release of energy. Reactivity refers to: the chemical reactions of a single substance, the chemical reactions of two or more substances that interact with each other, the systematic study of sets of reactions of these two kinds, methodology that applies to the study of reactivity of chemicals of all kinds, experimental methods that are used to observe these processes theories to predict and to account for these processes.
Burgers vector
In materials science, the Burgers vector, named after Dutch physicist Jan Burgers, is a vector, often denoted as b, that represents the magnitude and direction of the lattice distortion resulting from a dislocation in a crystal lattice. The vector's magnitude and direction is best understood when the dislocation-bearing crystal structure is first visualized without the dislocation, that is, the perfect crystal structure.