Concept
Argument map
Concepts associés (15)
Logique informelle
La logique informelle, intuitivement, est l'étude des principes de la logique et de la pensée logique en dehors d'une théorie formelle, c'est-à-dire abstraite. Cependant, peut-être à cause de la mention du terme informelle dans le titre, la définition précise de la logique informelle est un sujet de litige. Ralph H. Johnson et J. Anthony Blair définissent la logique informelle comme « une branche de la logique dont la tâche est de développer des normes, des critères, des procédures non formels pour l'analyse, l'interprétation, l'évaluation, la critique et la construction de l'argumentation ».
Stephen Toulmin
Stephen Edelston Toulmin (né le , mort le ) est un philosophe britannique, auteur et enseignant. Influencé par le philosophe autrichien Ludwig Wittgenstein, Toulmin a consacré son travail à l’analyse des raisonnements moraux. Dans tous ses écrits, il cherche à développer les arguments pratiques qui peuvent être utilisés dans l’évaluation de l’éthique sous-jacente aux questions morales. Ses travaux ont été utilisés plus tardivement dans le champ de la rhétorique, pour l’analyse des arguments rhétoriques.
Design rationale
A design rationale is an explicit documentation of the reasons behind decisions made when designing a system or artifact. As initially developed by W.R. Kunz and Horst Rittel, design rationale seeks to provide argumentation-based structure to the political, collaborative process of addressing wicked problems. A design rationale is the explicit listing of decisions made during a design process, and the reasons why those decisions were made.
Argumentation
L’argumentation est l'action de convaincre et pousser ainsi l'autre à agir. Contrairement à la persuasion, elle vise à être comprise de tous et résiste à l'utilisation d'arguments fallacieux. L’argument est, en logique et en linguistique, l’ensemble des prémisses données en support à une conclusion. Une argumentation est composée d'une conclusion et d'un ou de plusieurs « éléments de preuve », que l'on appelle des prémisses ou des arguments, et qui constituent des raisons d'accepter cette conclusion.
Issue-based information system
The issue-based information system (IBIS) is an argumentation-based approach to clarifying wicked problems—complex, ill-defined problems that involve multiple stakeholders. Diagrammatic visualization using IBIS notation is often called issue mapping. IBIS was invented by Werner Kunz and Horst Rittel in the 1960s. According to Kunz and Rittel, "Issue-Based Information Systems (IBIS) are meant to support coordination and planning of political decision processes.
Argumentation scheme
In argumentation theory, an argumentation scheme or argument scheme is a template that represents a common type of argument used in ordinary conversation. Many different argumentation schemes have been identified. Each one has a name (for example, argument from effect to cause) and presents a type of connection between premises and a conclusion in an argument, and this connection is expressed as a rule of inference. Argumentation schemes can include inferences based on different types of reasoning—deductive, inductive, abductive, probabilistic, etc.
Decision support system
A decision support system (DSS) is an information system that supports business or organizational decision-making activities. DSSs serve the management, operations and planning levels of an organization (usually mid and higher management) and help people make decisions about problems that may be rapidly changing and not easily specified in advance—i.e. unstructured and semi-structured decision problems. Decision support systems can be either fully computerized or human-powered, or a combination of both.
Reason (argument)
In the most general terms, a reason is a consideration which justifies or explains an action, a belief, an attitude, or a fact. Normative reasons are what people appeal to when making arguments about what people should do or believe. For example, that a doctor's patient is grimacing is a reason to believe the patient is in pain. That the patient is in pain is a reason for the doctor to do things to alleviate the pain. Explanatory reasons are explanations of why things happened.
Compendium (software)
Compendium is a computer program and social science tool that facilitates the mapping and management of ideas and arguments. The software provides a visual environment that allows people to structure and record collaboration as they discuss and work through wicked problems. The software was released by the not-for-profit Compendium Institute. The current version operationalises the issue-based information system (IBIS), an argumentation mapping structure first developed by Horst Rittel in the 1970s.
Logic and dialectic
Formal scientists have attempted to combine formal logic (the science of deductively valid inferences or of logical truths) and dialectic (a form of reasoning based upon dialogue of arguments and counter-arguments) through formalisation of dialectic. These attempts include pre-formal and partially formal treatises on argument and dialectic, systems based on defeasible reasoning, and systems based on game semantics and dialogical logic.