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Civilisation

thumb|Le terme « la civilisation », au singulier, apparait au siècle des Lumières en opposition à « la barbarie ». Les premiers musées qui naissent alors permettent des comparaisons entre « les civilisations ». Johan Zoffany, 1772-1778, La Tribune des Offices, 1,23 x 1,55 m. Le terme civilisation a été utilisé de différentes manières au cours de l'histoire. Dans l'acception historique et sociologique actuelle, la civilisation est l'ensemble des traits qui caractérisent l'état d'une société donnée, du point de vue technique, intellectuel, politique et moral, sans porter de jugement de valeur. On peut alors parler de civilisations au pluriel et même de « civilisations primitives », au sens chronologique, sans connotation péjorative. Comme les mots culture, religion et société, le mot civilisation a acquis un poids politique et idéologique déterminant, au point de devenir un concept clé ou un « maître-mot » pour penser le monde et l'histoire à l'époque des Lumières. Le premier à avoir

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AR-154: Environmental history and theories I

Le cours vise a familiariser les etudiants avec l'histoire de l'environnement et des paysages, et avec la maniere dont les preoccupations environnementales amenent a repenser aujourd'hui le sens et les principes de l'architecture et des disciplines de projet.

AR-367: Environmental histories

Le cours vise à familiariser les étudiants avec l'histoire de l'environnement et des paysages, et avec la façon dont les différentes préoccupations environnementales, qui vont affecter de plus en plus fortement la conception des villes et de l'architecture.

CIVIL-411: Dams and appurtenant hydraulic structures

Les barrages font partie des plus grands ouvrages réalisés par l'humanité. Ce cours donne une introduction au domaine fascinant de la conception et de la construction des barrages, indispensables pour l'approvisionnement en eau et en énergie mais intégrés à l'environnement, partout dans le monde.

Beijing Winter Olympic Games 2022: ecological civilization as a new step for extended urbanization to enhance consumption

Florence Graezer Bideau, Thierry Marcel Theurillat

Beijing Winter Olympic Games 2022: a new step for urbanization and consumption Florence Graezer Bideau, Thierry Theurillat The 2022 Beijing Winter Games is a multiscale state project involving Central, Provincial, Municipal and Districts Governments. It aims at accelerating urbanization in the whole metropolitan area (Beijing-Tianjin-Baoding) also by incorporating remote mountainous and rural areas into the urban consumption spaces. Urban consumption spaces are viewed as economic development and extension of the urban built environment as part of a new step for land-driven accumulation, which goes along with state policies to promote cultural heritage and new leisure and sports activities to legitimate the massive economic and societal transformation induced by the Games. This paper emphasizes three distinct areas that are iconic of these urbanization and civilization processes. In the city historical core, Imperial heritage is preserved for city branding and global and national tourism. The built environment of many central districts have been kept on being renovated since the early 2000s which at the same time is also an operation of removal of existing popular inhabitants. The steel plant of Shougang and industrial heritage is being turned into a new urban pole in Eastern Beijing that aims to attract new generations of creative urbanites and consumers of fashionable urban sports. The main location for the Games, the mountains districts, implies a radical transformation of the landscape and traditional built environment, the pastoral economy and social behaviors and practices. Simultaneously, the Games legacy means to turn the whole area into a new urban consumption, leisure activity and residential spaces for middle and upper-middle urban citizens of the whole metropolitan area.

2021

Chargement

Atomistic Simulations of The Structure of Calcium Silicate Hydrates: Interlayer Positions, Water Content And A General Structural Brick Model

Aslam Kunhi Mohamed

Portland cement has been in use by human civilization for over a century. Yet, we do not fully understand its hydration reaction mechanisms due to the complexity of the system and its continued reaction over time making it hard to study it experimentally. Additionally, it contributes to about 10 % of the world carbon dioxide emission. In order to make cement more sustainable, supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) are substituted for PC. There are many undesirable effects of some SCMs on the early age hydration and later age properties limiting a wider application. One of the key factors hindering the educated designing of new sustainable cements is the lack of knowledge of the atomistic structure of the main hydrate phase of PC, Calcium Silicate Hydrate (C-S-H) and its interaction with SCMs. C-S-H has a variable stoichiometry, nano sized morphology, variable water content and a complex layered structure. Although C-S-H has been studied for decades, the atomic structure of this nano crystalline phase is not clearly known or agreed upon and remains an open question. The proposed structures of C-S-H are mainly based on 14 Å tobermorite, a natural mineral. In this thesis a new bottom up approach has been developed to precisely define and create defects or

chemical building blocks¿ in a reduced unit cell of 14 Å tobermorite called the Brick Model. In this model, a string of characters can represent the multitude of structural features in C-S-H with precise control over its arrangement. The model can efficiently capture the structural features of C-S-H and can propose a probable full scale atomic structure of C-S-H including surfaces. We discovered a

bridging¿ calcium position using Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (DNP NMR) experiments combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations on structures generated using the brick model. With molecular dynamics simulations (MD), we looked at the intricate interlayer structure of C-S-H. To further understand the complex interlayer structure of C-S-H and the interaction between the defects within the bulk material, the brick model was used to generate a variety of distinct defects and calculate their enthalpies. Our results indicate that the presence of silanols in C-S-H are energetically unfavourable and a lower water content results in a more ordered or crystalline interlayer region. We discovered a second new enthalpically stable position for the interlayer calcium and identified two types of water based on their ¿crystallinity¿ or how strongly the water molecules are coordinated to calcium ions in the interlayer. The results on the defects¿ interactions indicate that the structural units of C-S-H with different interlayer volumes, due to the presence of different types of defects interact and create strains in the C-S-H sheet structure. However, the calculated interaction energy is not prohibitive of their existence. With these findings explanations for the lack of long range order or nano-crystallinity of C-S-H have been proposed which give us valuable insights into key aspects of C-S-H such as growth mechanisms and ageing. Thus the current results can be expected to facilitate the engineering of the C-S-H mesostructure and eventually leading to more sustainable and futuristic cements with less carbon footprint and energy demand.

EPFL2018

Chargement

Toward a systematic integration of optical remote sensing for inland waters studies

Vincent Maurice Nouchi

Freshwater resources play a central role in social and economic development of modern civilisations, yet their value is often underestimated and neglected in developed countries. In fact, freshwater habitats are facing unprecedented threat because of human activities, and it is necessary to provide reliable water quality indicators to monitor the response of aquatic systems. In this context, remote sensing has a great potential to provide a complementary source of data for monitoring and under-standing the processes involved in inland waters around the world at fine temporal and spatial reso-lutions. The scientific approach adopted in this thesis is based on the integration of complementary sources of information provided by state-of-the-art monitoring methods to foster our understanding of freshwater habitats. Specifically, we demonstrate the additional value provided by combining com-plementary sensors with bio-geochemical measurements and hydrodynamic models, using a rare event in Lake Geneva which got a wide public attention in local newspapers: a calcite precipitation event. The principal focus of the remote-sensing community has recently been directed towards very turbid waters in order to address the challenges involved with the retrieval of mixed constituent concentra-tions. In this thesis, I highlight some important challenges relative to clearer waters which also re-quire further attention from the community. Specifically, I provide a solution to account for vertical non-uniformities of water constituent concentrations using simple approximation models in Lake Geneva. Finally, I provide a comprehensive comparison between state-of-the-art atmospheric correction methods, which are presumably relevant for inland water monitoring and applicable to the new con-stellation of remote sensors. The aim is to provide reliable recommendations to help forthcoming studies to apply the most suited procedure to their investigation.

EPFL2018

Chargement

Mondialisation

Le terme de mondialisation correspond à un libre échange des marchandises, des capitaux, des services, des personnes, des techniques et de l'information. Il désigne le processus d'intégration des ma

Révolution néolithique

La révolution néolithique fut la première révolution agricole, caractérisée par la transition de communautés de chasseurs-cueilleurs vers des communautés d'agriculteurs. Les données archéologiques ind

État

thumb|Nicolas Machiavel fut un des premiers à faire usage du mot stato dans le sens d'. L’État possède une triple signification : sociologique ; organisationnelle ; juridique. Sur le plan sociologiqu