Sursaturation

Résumé

vignette|A : soluté entièrement dissous B : solution saturé C : solution sursaturé La sursaturation est la condition chimique où une solution contient plus de soluté qu'elle ne peut en dissoudre normalement. Elle réfère également à la condition physique où la pression partielle d'un gaz dans un mélange gazeux dépasse la pression de vapeur saturante, en particulier dans l'air. En général la solubilité augmente avec la température et pour produire ces solutions, c'est un changement de la température d'une solution saturée qui causera la sursaturation. C'est un état métastable et le soluté en sursaturation précipite à la moindre perturbation donnant des cristaux dans un liquide ou des gouttelettes dans un gaz. Chimie Pour obtenir une solution sursaturée, il faut chauffer le solvant, y dissoudre le maximum de soluté et laisser la solution refroidir le plus lentement possible. L'ajout d'un germe de cristal de soluté à une solution sursaturée entraîne la croissance de

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sursaturation

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vignette|Nucléation de bulles de CO2 autour d'un doigt. La nucléation (ou germination) est l'apparition de petits domaines (appelés nuclei ou germes) d'une nouvelle phase à l'intérieur ou à la frontiè

thumb|Un pot de miel. Le miel () est une substance sucrée élaborée par les abeilles à miel à partir de nectar ou de miellat. Elles l'entreposent dans la ruche et s'en nourrissent tout au long de l'an

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Perturbation of the low-pressure diamond growth process by carbon supersaturation and radiofrequencey [i.e. radiofrequency] plasma

Heiko Seehofer

EPFL2002

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This work investigates sulfate attack in complex sulfate environments by exposing different binder types to various sulfate solutions and comparing predicted phase and volume changes with experimental data. The most important aspects of this work can be grouped in three topics: The comparison of the predicted volume increase with the experimentally observed length changes. This part of the work shows that volume increase cannot be linked directly to the observed expansions. Additionally, the volume increase model does not provide an explanation for the driving force for the space filling to overcome mechanical constraints. A more plausible explanation of expansion lies in the theory of crystallization pressure, in which crystals forming from a supersaturated solution seem to be a more applicable explanation for the deterioration differences. However, this is difficult to verify directly as it is impossible to measure the solution concentration or individual crystals exert pressure on their surroundings. It is observed that expansion occurs in systems where thermodynamic modelling predicts the co-existence of ettringite with gypsum. In such a case, if monosulfate and gypsum are both present locally, the solution can be highly supersaturated with respect to ettringite within the exposed materials. An increase of sulfate contents in the C-S-H phase has been observed for these cases, indicating increased sulfate concentrations in the pore solution while providing the necessary confinement for the crystals in intimate phase mixtures to exceed pressure. The presence of bicarbonate ions in the sulfate solution reduces the expansion significantly for the CEM I and CEM III/B binders, and reduced the sulfate uptake in the phase assemblage. The CEM III/B mortars showed a highly leached zone at the surface in which also calcite was observed, this is attributed to the destabilisation of ettringite in the presence of high concentrations of bicarbonate ions. The microstructural characterization combined with the information from thermodynamic modelling suggests that conditions of high supersaturation with respect to ettringite are unlikely to occur in samples exposed to solutions containing bicarbonate ions. Degradation of mortars exposed to complex magnesium containing sulfate solutions showed that the presence of sodium, potassium and calcium in a magnesium solution reduce the deterioration symptoms significantly for the CEM I and CEM III/B mortars. The experimental observations suggest that sulfate attack in natural environments is not only less severe, due to reduced sulfate concentrations in the field, but are likely to be affected by the presence of bicarbonate anions and the common occurrence of different cations. Both of these aspects reduce the deterioration significantly and can be assumed to occur in most natural waters.

EPFL2012

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Influence of bicarbonate ions on the deterioration of mortar bars in sulfate solutions

Wolfgang Kunther, Barbara Lothenbach, Karen Scrivener

This work investigates the influence of bicarbonate ions on the deterioration of cementitious material exposed to sulfate ions. Mortars based on a CEM I and on a CEM III/B cement were investigated. Experimental investigations were compared to thermodynamic modeling and phase characterization to understand the differences in deterioration. The presence of bicarbonate ions significantly reduced the expansion of the CEM I mortars. Thermodynamic modeling showed that at high concentrations of bicarbonate ettringite and gypsum become unstable. Microstructural characterization combined with information from thermodynamic modeling suggests that conditions of high supersaturation with respect to ettringite are unlikely in the samples exposed in solutions containing bicarbonate. Consequently, expansive forces are not generated by the crystallization pressure of ettringite. There was little expansion of the CEM III/B sample even in the sodium sulfate solution. In the bicarbonate solution this mortar showed a highly leached zone at the surface in which calcite was observed. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd2013

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EPFL2012