Élevage intensifL'élevage intensif est une forme d'élevage industrialisé qui vise à augmenter fortement le rendement de cette activité, notamment en augmentant la densité d'animaux sur l'exploitation ou en s'affranchissant plus ou moins fortement du milieu environnant (confinement). Cette méthode d'élevage industriel est apparue à la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. vignette|Un élevage de en Amérique au début du .
Humane Society of the United StatesHumane society of the United States (HSUS) est une organisation américaine basée à Washington qui a pour but de promouvoir la défense des animaux à l'échelle internationale. Comptant plus de onze millions de membres, c'est une des organisations protectrice des animaux les plus importantes dans le monde. C'est en 1954 que naquit The Humane Society of the United States à l'initiative du journaliste Fred Myers et de trois autres journalistes. Les fondateurs se sont inspirés de deux fondements philosophiques basés sur le respect de la vie et de la nature.
Poultry farmingPoultry farming is the form of animal husbandry which raises domesticated birds such as chickens, ducks, turkeys and geese to produce meat or eggs for food. Poultry – mostly chickens – are farmed in great numbers. More than 60 billion chickens are killed for consumption annually. Chickens raised for eggs are known as layers, while chickens raised for meat are called broilers. In the United States, the national organization overseeing poultry production is the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Free rangeFree range denotes a method of farming husbandry where the animals, for at least part of the day, can roam freely outdoors, rather than being confined in an enclosure for 24 hours each day. On many farms, the outdoors ranging area is fenced, thereby technically making this an enclosure, however, free range systems usually offer the opportunity for the extensive locomotion and sunlight that is otherwise prevented by indoor housing systems. Free range may apply to meat, eggs or dairy farming.
Feather peckingFeather pecking is a behavioural problem that occurs most frequently amongst domestic hens reared for egg production, although it does occur in other poultry such as pheasants, turkeys, ducks, broiler chickens and is sometimes seen in farmed ostriches. Feather pecking occurs when one bird repeatedly pecks at the feathers of another. The levels of severity may be recognized as mild and severe. Gentle feather pecking is considered to be a normal investigatory behaviour where the feathers of the recipient are hardly disturbed and therefore does not represent a problem.
Furnished cageA furnished cage, sometimes called enriched cage, colony cage or modified cage, is a type of cage used in poultry farming for egg laying hens. Furnished cages have been designed to overcome some of the welfare concerns of battery cages (also called 'conventional' or 'traditional cages') whilst retaining their economic and husbandry advantages, and also provide some of the welfare advantages over non-cage systems. Many design features of furnished cages have been incorporated because research in animal welfare science has shown them to be of benefit to the hens.
Gallus gallus domesticusGallus gallus domesticus, en français la Poule domestique (femelle), le coq domestique (mâle), est une sous-espèce de l'ordre des Galliformes. Cet oiseau, principalement issu de la domestication du Coq doré sauvage, est élevé à la fois pour sa chair, pour ses œufs, pour le combat, pour le chant, parfois pour ses plumes et plus rarement encore pour sa crête ou pour des utilisations rituelles. De nombreuses races issues de la sélection opérée par les paysans au fil des siècles ont disparu.
Abnormal behaviour of birds in captivityAbnormal behavior of birds in captivity has been found to occur among both domesticated and wild birds. Abnormal behavior can be defined in several ways. Statistically, 'abnormal' is when the occurrence, frequency or intensity of a behaviour varies statistically significantly, either more or less, from the normal value. This means that theoretically, almost any behaviour could become 'abnormal' in an individual. Less formally, 'abnormal' includes any activity judged to be outside the normal behaviour pattern for captive birds of that particular class or age.
Vent peckingVent pecking is an abnormal behaviour of birds performed primarily by commercial egg-laying hens. It is characterised by pecking damage to the cloaca, the surrounding skin and underlying tissue. Vent pecking frequently occurs immediately after an egg has been laid when the cloaca often remains partly everted exposing the mucosa, red from the physical trauma of oviposition or bleeding if the tissue is torn by her laying an egg. Vent pecking clearly causes pain and distress to the bird being pecked.
Cannibalism in poultryCannibalism in poultry is the act of one individual of a poultry species consuming all or part of another individual of the same species as food. It commonly occurs in flocks of domestic hens reared for egg production, although it can also occur in domestic turkeys, pheasants and other poultry species. Poultry create a social order of dominance known as pecking order. When pressure occurs within the flock, pecking can increase in aggression and escalate to cannibalism.
