Saccade oculaire

thumb|Tracés de saccades oculaires lors de l'observation d'un visage. Une saccade oculaire est un bref et rapide mouvement des yeux entre deux positions stables (vitesse variant de 400 à et durée inférieure à ). Le but d'une saccade oculaire est d'amener très rapidement l'image d'un objet sur la fovéa. Cependant, on retrouve des saccades chez des animaux sans fovéa comme le lapin. Le système des saccades peut collaborer avec d’autres systèmes, par exemple lors du nystagmus optocinétique et vestibulo-oculaire ainsi qu’avec le système de vergences et de poursuite. La saccade peut être suivie d'une saccade de correction en cas d'imprécision vers le but visuel. Les saccades peuvent être déclenchées de manière exogène, après l'arrivée d'un stimulus, et sont alors des saccades réflexes. Elles peuvent par ailleurs être déclenchées de manière endogène, c’est-à-dire par la volonté de l’individu, et on parle alors de saccades volontaires. Il existe aussi des saccades vers un stimulus non enco

Whole-body somatotopic maps in the cerebellum revealed with 7T fMRI

Yohan Boillat, Wietske Van der Zwaag

The cerebellum is known to contain a double somatotopic body representation. While the anterior lobe body map has shown a robust somatotopic organization in previous fMRI studies, the representations in the posterior lobe have been more difficult to observe and are less precisely characterized. In this study, participants went through a simple motor task asking them to move either the eyes (left-right guided saccades), tongue (left-right movement), thumbs, little fingers or toes (flexion). Using high spatial resolution fMRI data acquired at ultra-high field (7T), with special care taken to obtain sufficient B-1 over the entire cerebellum and a cerebellar surface reconstruction facilitating visual inspection of the results, we were able to precisely map the somatotopic representations of these five distal body parts on both subject- and group-specific cerebellar surfaces. The anterior lobe (including lobule VI) showed a consistent and robust somatotopic gradient. Although less robust, the presence of such a gradient in the posterior lobe, from Crus II to lobule VIIIb, was also observed. Additionally, the eyes were also strongly represented in Crus I and the oculomotor vermis. Overall, crosstalk between the different body part representations was negligible. Taken together, these results show that multiple representations of distal body parts are present in the cerebellum, across many lobules, and they are organized in an orderly manner.

2020

Gijs Plomp

We considered the hypothesis that spontaneous dissociation between the direction of attention and eye movement causes encoding failure in change detection. We tested this hypothesis by analyzing eye fixation-related potentials (EFRP) at the encoding stage of a change blindness task; when participants freely inspect a scene containing an unmarked target region, in which a change will occur in a subsequent presentation. We measured EFRP amplitude prior to the execution of a saccade, depending on its starting or landing position relative to the target region. For those landings inside the target region, we found a difference in EFRP between correct detection and failure. Overall, correspondence between EFRP amplitude and the size of the saccade predicted successful detection of change; lack of correspondence was followed by change blindness. By contrast, saccade sizes and fixation durations around the target region were unrelated to subsequent change detection. Since correspondence between EFRP and eye movement indicates that overt attention was given to the target region, we concluded that overt attention is needed for successful encoding and that dissociation between eye movement and attention leads to change blindness. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

2010

Direction of saccadic and smooth eye movements induced by electrical stimulation of the human frontal eye field: effect of orbital position

Olaf Blanke

The present study reports on the direction of saccadic and smooth eye movements, which were induced electrically from the human dorsolateral frontal cortex including the human frontal eye field (FEF). The eye position prior to stimulation was varied in order to examine its effect on induced eye movement direction. The five patients of the study underwent invasive presurgical evaluation for pharmacoresistant epilepsy. The present data show that the direction of electrically induced eye movements was always contralateral and either horizontal or oblique upward if the eye started from the primary position. The elicited direction was changed if the eyes started from an eccentric position. The frequency of oblique eye movements was increased and oblique downward responses were induced, which were not observed if the eye started from the primary position. This was found for saccades and, especially, for smooth eye movements. Head movements, which were almost exclusively induced with saccades, did not depend on initial orbital position. Four conclusions can be drawn. Firstly, saccades and smooth eye movements induced from the human dorsolateral cortex including the human FEF have the same directional bias. Secondly, the frequent upward responses and the absence of downward responses induced from the primary position suggests either a more numerous or a more superficial representation of neurons that code for the former direction. Thirdly, at some sites the direction of saccades and smooth eye movements varies depending on the initial orbital position. Since these directional changes were observed without changes in eye-head coordination, our data suggest that stimulation of the FEF might evoke goal-directed saccades or interferes with a resettable saccade integrator. Fourthly, human studies that investigate eye movements induced from the lateral frontal cortex need to control eye position prior to stimulation.

Springer Verlag2003

Direction of saccadic and smooth eye movements induced by electrical stimulation of the human frontal eye field: effect of orbital position

Olaf Blanke

Springer Verlag2003

Whole-body somatotopic maps in the cerebellum revealed with 7T fMRI

Eye fixation-related potentials in change detection

Direction of saccadic and smooth eye movements induced by electrical stimulation of the human frontal eye field: effect of orbital position

Eye fixation-related potentials in change detection

Direction of saccadic and smooth eye movements induced by electrical stimulation of the human frontal eye field: effect of orbital position

Whole-body somatotopic maps in the cerebellum revealed with 7T fMRI