BlanqueamientoBlanqueamiento in Spanish, or branqueamento in Portuguese (both meaning whitening), is a social, political, and economic practice used in many post-colonial countries in the Americas and Oceania to "improve the race" (mejorar la raza) towards a supposed ideal of whiteness. The term blanqueamiento is rooted in Latin America and is used more or less synonymously with racial whitening. However, blanqueamiento can be considered in both the symbolic and biological sense.
Plastic shamanPlastic shamans, or plastic medicine people, is a pejorative colloquialism applied to individuals who are attempting to pass themselves off as shamans, holy people, or other traditional spiritual leaders, but who have no genuine connection to the traditions or cultures they claim to represent. In some cases, the "plastic shaman" may have some genuine cultural connection, but is seen to be exploiting that knowledge for ego, power, or money.
PretendianA pretendian (portmanteau of pretend and Indian) is a person who has falsely claimed Indigenous identity by claiming to be a citizen of a Native American or Indigenous Canadian tribal nation, or to be descended from Native ancestors. The term is a pejorative colloquialism. As a practice, being a pretendian is considered an extreme form of cultural appropriation, especially if that individual then asserts that they can represent, and speak for, communities they do not belong to.
Appropriation culturellevignette|250px|Objet phénicien reprenant des motifs égyptiens dans un but décoratif. Les hiéroglyphes du cartouche n'ont aucune signification. (, British Museum). L'appropriation culturelle désigne à l'origine l'utilisation d'éléments matériels ou immatériels d'une culture par les membres d'une autre culture, dont l'acquisition d'artefacts d'autres cultures par des musées occidentaux. Par la suite, le concept est utilisé par analogie par la critique littéraire et artistique, le plus souvent avec une connotation d'exploitation et de domination.
Colorisme (discrimination)Le colorisme est une forme de discrimination intra-communautaire qui se distingue du racisme, même s'il en est issu. C'est un traitement différentiel stéréotypé, souvent inégalitaire, des individus selon leurs peaux, les plus claires étant considérées comme , au détriment des carnations et teints foncés, ou encore selon la texture et couleur capillaire, la physionomie et l'apparence du visage. Alice Walker a popularisé ce concept en utilisant ce mot en 1983. Selon Toni Morrison, le colorisme ne touche pas que les .
Medicine manA medicine man or medicine woman is a traditional healer and spiritual leader who serves a community of Indigenous people of the Americas. Individual cultures have their own names, in their respective languages, for spiritual healers and ceremonial leaders in their particular cultures. In the ceremonial context of Indigenous North American communities, "medicine" usually refers to spiritual healing. Medicine men/women should not be confused with those who employ Native American ethnobotany, a practice that is very common in a large number of Native American and First Nations households.
Interracial marriageInterracial marriage is a marriage involving spouses who belong to different races or racialized ethnicities. Historically in many countries, interracial marriages were often illegal or taboo, often based upon religious principles. For example, before the Civil Rights Movement, the overwhelming majority of white evangelical Christians in the Southern United States saw racial segregation in marriage as something divinely instituted from God. They held that legal recognition of interracial couples would violate biblical teaching and hence their religious liberty.
MiscegenationMiscegenation (mɪˌsɛdʒəˈneɪʃən ) is sexual relations or marriage between people who are considered to be members of different races. The word, now usually considered pejorative, is derived from a combination of the Latin terms miscere ("to mix") and genus ("race"). The word first appeared in Miscegenation: The Theory of the Blending of the Races, Applied to the American White Man and Negro, a hoax anti-abolitionist pamphlet David Goodman Croly and others published anonymously in advance of the 1864 presidential election in the United States.
Noir (humain)Le terme Noir est employé, dans le langage courant, pour catégoriser un être humain caractérisé par une couleur de peau foncée. S'il désigne souvent des êtres humains originaires d'Afrique subsaharienne, ce terme peut être utilisé pour qualifier des personnes asiatiques (Dravidiens, Négritos...) ou océaniennes (Papous, Aborigènes, Mélanésiens...).
Métisvignette|295x295px|Nathalie Emmanuel, actrice britannique, issue d'une mère d’origine dominiquaine, et d'un père d’origine saint-lucienne et britannique. vignette|236x236px|Pinckney Benton Stewart Pinchback, Premier gouverneur afro-américain des États-Unis. Un métis, au féminin : une métisse (du latin : mixtīcius, ou mixtus, qui signifie « mélangé »/« mêlé »), est une personne dont les parents ont des origines géographiques, culturelles, ou des caractéristiques phénotypiques différentes.
