LexicostatisticsLexicostatistics is a method of comparative linguistics that involves comparing the percentage of lexical cognates between languages to determine their relationship. Lexicostatistics is related to the comparative method but does not reconstruct a proto-language. It is to be distinguished from glottochronology, which attempts to use lexicostatistical methods to estimate the length of time since two or more languages diverged from a common earlier proto-language.
Linguistique comparéeLa linguistique comparée (ou encore linguistique comparative, linguistique historique ou grammaire comparée) est une discipline de la linguistique qui étudie l'histoire et l'évolution des langues (prises individuellement) ou des familles de langues. C'est une discipline éminemment diachronique, notamment lorsqu'il s'agit de classifier les langues, mais l'aspect synchronique est également à considérer lorsqu'il s'agit de comparer deux langues ou plus, à une époque précise, d'un point de vue purement grammatical.
Liste SwadeshLa liste Swadesh est une liste de mots appartenant à une partie du lexique la plus résistante au changement, établie par le linguiste et anthropologue américain Morris Swadesh, dans les années 1940-1950. Elle est utilisée en linguistique comparée, en linguistique historique et aussi en anthropologie pour notamment identifier le lexique de base de toute langue étudiée pour la première fois, ainsi qu'établir le degré de proximité de deux ou plusieurs langues.
Mass comparisonMass comparison is a method developed by Joseph Greenberg to determine the level of genetic relatedness between languages. It is now usually called multilateral comparison. The method is rejected by most linguists , though not all. Some of the top-level relationships Greenberg named are now generally accepted, though they had already been posited by others (e.g. Afro-Asiatic and Niger–Congo). Others are accepted by many though disputed by some prominent specialists (e.g.
Proto-langueEn linguistique historique, une proto-langue est une langue le plus souvent non attestée mais parfois attestée (par exemple le latin), dont a évolué un groupe de langues apparentées. Dans ce sens, on parle de langues comme le proto-indo-européen, le proto-slave, le proto-germanique, etc. On appelle parfois « langue commune » une telle langue, ex. slave commun, germanique commun.
Comparative methodIn linguistics, the comparative method is a technique for studying the development of languages by performing a feature-by-feature comparison of two or more languages with common descent from a shared ancestor and then extrapolating backwards to infer the properties of that ancestor. The comparative method may be contrasted with the method of internal reconstruction in which the internal development of a single language is inferred by the analysis of features within that language.
Historical linguisticsHistorical linguistics, also termed diachronic linguistics, is the scientific study of language change over time. Principal concerns of historical linguistics include: to describe and account for observed changes in particular languages to reconstruct the pre-history of languages and to determine their relatedness, grouping them into language families (comparative linguistics) to develop general theories about how and why language changes to describe the history of speech communities to study the history of words, i.
