Quasi-experimentA quasi-experiment is an empirical interventional study used to estimate the causal impact of an intervention on target population without random assignment. Quasi-experimental research shares similarities with the traditional experimental design or randomized controlled trial, but it specifically lacks the element of random assignment to treatment or control. Instead, quasi-experimental designs typically allow the researcher to control the assignment to the treatment condition, but using some criterion other than random assignment (e.
Treatment and control groupsIn the design of experiments, hypotheses are applied to experimental units in a treatment group. In comparative experiments, members of a control group receive a standard treatment, a placebo, or no treatment at all. There may be more than one treatment group, more than one control group, or both. A placebo control group can be used to support a double-blind study, in which some subjects are given an ineffective treatment (in medical studies typically a sugar pill) to minimize differences in the experiences of subjects in the different groups; this is done in a way that ensures no participant in the experiment (subject or experimenter) knows to which group each subject belongs.
Témoin (science)vignette|Deux échantillons de vin avec, à gauche, un échantillon ayant subit une oxydation contrôlée sur moût et, à droite, le témoin. On observe une plus forte oxydation (couleur orange) dans le témoin. Dans une expérience scientifique, un témoin est un dispositif permettant d'isoler un facteur et de conclure sur l'action de ce facteur sur un phénomène physique ou biologique. Le témoin est nécessaire pour vérifier la probité de toute expérience scientifique. Dans une expérience, deux dispositifs sont mis en route.
Clinical study designClinical study design is the formulation of trials and experiments, as well as observational studies in medical, clinical and other types of research (e.g., epidemiological) involving human beings. The goal of a clinical study is to assess the safety, efficacy, and / or the mechanism of action of an investigational medicinal product (IMP) or procedure, or new drug or device that is in development, but potentially not yet approved by a health authority (e.g. Food and Drug Administration).
RandomizationRandomization is the process of making something random. Randomization is not haphazard; instead, a random process is a sequence of random variables describing a process whose outcomes do not follow a deterministic pattern, but follow an evolution described by probability distributions. For example, a random sample of individuals from a population refers to a sample where every individual has a known probability of being sampled. This would be contrasted with nonprobability sampling where arbitrary individuals are selected.
Protocol (science)In natural and social science research, a protocol is most commonly a predefined procedural method in the design and implementation of an experiment. Protocols are written whenever it is desirable to standardize a laboratory method to ensure successful replication of results by others in the same laboratory or by other laboratories. Additionally, and by extension, protocols have the advantage of facilitating the assessment of experimental results through peer review.
Carré latinvignette|Example of TAQ algorithm Un carré latin est un tableau carré de n lignes (donc de n colonnes) remplies de n éléments distincts dont chaque ligne et chaque colonne ne contient qu'un seul exemplaire. L'exemple historique du carré latin est le carré Sator ; la construction de telles curiosités combinatoires se transpose facilement à l'arithmétique en substituant un nombre à une lettre : la plupart du temps, les n éléments utilisés sont les entiers compris entre 0 et n-1.
Interaction (statistiques)Une interaction, en statistiques, peut survenir lorsqu'on considère la relation entre deux variables ou plus. Le terme "interaction" est donc utilisé pour décrire une situation dans laquelle l'influence d'une variable dépend de l'état de la seconde (ce qui est ce cas, lorsque les deux variables ne sont pas additives). Le plus souvent, les interactions apparaissent dans le contexte des analyses de régression. La présence d'interactions peut avoir des implications importantes pour l'interprétation des modèles statistiques.
Orthogonal arrayIn mathematics, an orthogonal array (more specifically, a fixed-level orthogonal array) is a "table" (array) whose entries come from a fixed finite set of symbols (for example, {1,2,...,v}), arranged in such a way that there is an integer t so that for every selection of t columns of the table, all ordered t-tuples of the symbols, formed by taking the entries in each row restricted to these columns, appear the same number of times. The number t is called the strength of the orthogonal array.
Research designResearch design refers to the overall strategy utilized to carry out research that defines a succinct and logical plan to tackle established research question(s) through the collection, interpretation, analysis, and discussion of data. Incorporated in the design of a research study will depend on the standpoint of the researcher over their beliefs in the nature of knowledge (see epistemology) and reality (see ontology), often shaped by the disciplinary areas the researcher belongs to.
