Sampling frameIn statistics, a sampling frame is the source material or device from which a sample is drawn. It is a list of all those within a population who can be sampled, and may include individuals, households or institutions. Importance of the sampling frame is stressed by Jessen and Salant and Dillman. In many practical situations the frame is a matter of choice to the survey planner, and sometimes a critical one. [...] Some very worthwhile investigations are not undertaken at all because of the lack of an apparent frame; others, because of faulty frames, have ended in a disaster or in cloud of doubt.
Cluster samplingIn statistics, cluster sampling is a sampling plan used when mutually homogeneous yet internally heterogeneous groupings are evident in a statistical population. It is often used in marketing research. In this sampling plan, the total population is divided into these groups (known as clusters) and a simple random sample of the groups is selected. The elements in each cluster are then sampled. If all elements in each sampled cluster are sampled, then this is referred to as a "one-stage" cluster sampling plan.
Uncertainty quantificationUncertainty quantification (UQ) is the science of quantitative characterization and estimation of uncertainties in both computational and real world applications. It tries to determine how likely certain outcomes are if some aspects of the system are not exactly known. An example would be to predict the acceleration of a human body in a head-on crash with another car: even if the speed was exactly known, small differences in the manufacturing of individual cars, how tightly every bolt has been tightened, etc.
Catchment hydrologyCatchment hydrology is the study of hydrology in drainage basins. Catchments are areas of land where runoff collects to a specific zone. This movement is caused by water moving from areas of high energy to low energy due to the influence of gravity. Catchments often do not last for long periods of time as the water evaporates, drains into the soil, or is consumed by animals. Catchment zones collect water from various sources such as surface runoff from snow cover and glaciers, and subsurface flow from groundwater, precipitation, and aquifers.
Bassin versantvignette|upright=1.5|alt=Vue numérique d'un relief et mise en évidence d'une rivière, de ses affluents et du périmètre de son bassin versant.|Bassin versant de la , en Roumanie. Un bassin versant est une zone géographique de collecte des eaux de surface par un cours d'eau et ses affluents. Il est limité à l'amont par une ligne de partage des eaux qui correspond souvent, mais pas toujours, à une ligne de crête.
Radar imageurvignette|Image prise par un radar à synthèse d'ouverture (RSO), monté sur satellite, de l'île de Tenerife aux îles Canaries, montrant les détails géographiques et la végétation en fausses couleurs Un radar imageur est un radar actif qui émet un faisceau d'impulsions dans le domaine des longueurs d'onde centimétriques ou millimétriques pour représenter en deux ou trois dimensions l'environnement exploré. Cette imagerie a des applications tant civiles que militaires.
Sampling errorIn statistics, sampling errors are incurred when the statistical characteristics of a population are estimated from a subset, or sample, of that population. It can produced biased results. Since the sample does not include all members of the population, statistics of the sample (often known as estimators), such as means and quartiles, generally differ from the statistics of the entire population (known as parameters). The difference between the sample statistic and population parameter is considered the sampling error.
Event correlationEvent correlation is a technique for making sense of a large number of events and pinpointing the few events that are really important in that mass of information. This is accomplished by looking for and analyzing relationships between events. Event correlation has been used in various fields for many years: since the 1970s, telecommunications and industrial process control; since the 1980s, network management and systems management; since the 1990s, IT service management, publish-subscribe systems (pub/sub), Complex Event Processing (CEP) and Security Information and Event Management (SIEM); since the early 2000s, Distributed Event-Based Systems and Business Activity Monitoring (BAM).
Érosionthumb|Effet de la combinaison de l'érosion éolienne et hydrique (Coyote Buttes, Vermilion Cliffs National Monument, États-Unis). thumb|Risque d'érosion des sols (Europe méditerranéenne). En géomorphologie, l’érosion est le processus de dégradation et de transformation du relief, et donc des sols, roches, berges et littoraux qui est causé par tout agent externe (donc autre que la tectonique). Un relief dont le modelé s'explique principalement par l'érosion est dit « relief d'érosion ».
Radar à synthèse d'ouverturethumb|upright=1.5|Image prise par un radar à synthèse d'ouverture, monté sur satellite, de l'île de Tenerife aux îles Canaries, montrant les détails géographiques et la végétation en fausses couleurs. Un radar à synthèse d'ouverture (RSO) est un qui permet d'obtenir des images en deux dimensions ou des reconstitutions tridimensionnelles d'objets visés, tels des paysages. Pour cela, il effectue un traitement des données reçues afin d'améliorer la résolution en azimut. Le traitement effectué permet d'affiner l'ouverture de l'antenne.
