Biochemical cascadeA biochemical cascade, also known as a signaling cascade or signaling pathway, is a series of chemical reactions that occur within a biological cell when initiated by a stimulus. This stimulus, known as a first messenger, acts on a receptor that is transduced to the cell interior through second messengers which amplify the signal and transfer it to effector molecules, causing the cell to respond to the initial stimulus. Most biochemical cascades are series of events, in which one event triggers the next, in a linear fashion.
Hormone de croissanceL'hormone de croissance (ou somatotrophine, somatotropine ou somatropine), est une hormone polypeptidique sécrétée par les cellules somatotropes de la partie antérieure de l'hypophyse. Elle stimule la croissance et la reproduction des cellules chez les humains et les autres vertébrés. Chez l'humain, c'est un polypeptide de 191 acides aminés, proche chimiquement de la prolactine et de l'hormone lactogène placentaire humaine. Diverses pathologies sont liées à cette hormone : nanisme (en cas de déficit de sécrétion), gigantisme et acromégalie (en cas d'excès de sécrétion).
Thyroid disease in pregnancyThyroid disease in pregnancy can affect the health of the mother as well as the child before and after delivery. Thyroid disorders are prevalent in women of child-bearing age and for this reason commonly present as a pre-existing disease in pregnancy, or after childbirth. Uncorrected thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy has adverse effects on fetal and maternal well-being. The deleterious effects of thyroid dysfunction can also extend beyond pregnancy and delivery to affect neurointellectual development in the early life of the child.
PseudocyesisLe pseudocyesis, aussi connu sous le nom de grossesse nerveuse pour l'espèce humaine, est une affection qui présente tous les symptômes de la grossesse et qui y ressemble en tout point à l’exception de la présence d’un fœtus. Le terme « pseudocyesis » a été créé en 1923 par John Mason Good à partir des racines grecques pseudēs (faux) et κύησις kúēsis (conception). Il est moins négativement connoté que le terme « grossesse nerveuse ». La pseudogestation est fréquente chez les mammifères.
Two-component regulatory systemIn the field of molecular biology, a two-component regulatory system serves as a basic stimulus-response coupling mechanism to allow organisms to sense and respond to changes in many different environmental conditions. Two-component systems typically consist of a membrane-bound histidine kinase that senses a specific environmental stimulus and a corresponding response regulator that mediates the cellular response, mostly through differential expression of target genes.
Duct (anatomy)In anatomy and physiology, a duct is a circumscribed channel leading from an exocrine gland or organ. Examples include: As ducts travel from the acinus which generates the fluid to the target, the ducts become larger and the epithelium becomes thicker. The parts of the system are classified as follows: Some sources consider "lobar" ducts to be the same as "interlobar ducts", while others consider lobar ducts to be larger and more distal from the acinus.
Breast developmentBreast development, also known as mammogenesis, is a complex biological process in primates that takes place throughout a female's life. It occurs across several phases, including prenatal development, puberty, and pregnancy. At menopause, breast development ceases and the breasts atrophy. Breast development results in prominent and developed structures on the chest known as breasts in primates, which serve primarily as mammary glands.
Lactationvignette|upright=1.0|Dès la naissance, les jeunes mammifères cherchent instinctivement la mamelle, afin de téter (ici un chevreau). vignette|upright=1.0|Tétée d'un jeune babouin hamadryas. vignette|upright=1.0|Enfant humain en train de téter. thumb|Mamelles d'une femme avant la gestation. thumb|Les mêmes au moment de la montée de lait. thumb|Sécrétion de lait maternel humain La lactation est une fonction physiologique des femelles de mammifères, y compris les femmes.
Récepteur (biochimie)En biochimie, un récepteur est une protéine de la membrane cellulaire ou du cytoplasme ou du noyau cellulaire qui se lie spécifiquement à un facteur spécifique (un ligand, tels un neurotransmetteur, une hormone, une molécule médicamenteuse, une toxine, un ion calcium, ou une protéine spécifique de la membrane d'un virus...), induisant une réponse cellulaire à ce ligand. Les modifications du comportement du récepteur protéique induites par le ligand conduisent à des modifications physiologiques qui constituent les « effets biologiques » du ligand.
Multiple birthA multiple birth is the culmination of one multiple pregnancy, wherein the mother gives birth to two or more babies. A term most applicable to vertebrate species, multiple births occur in most kinds of mammals, with varying frequencies. Such births are often named according to the number of offspring, as in twins and triplets. In non-humans, the whole group may also be referred to as a litter, and multiple births may be more common than single births. Multiple births in humans are the exception and can be exceptionally rare in the largest mammals.
