Programmed cell deathProgrammed cell death (PCD; sometimes referred to as cellular suicide) is the death of a cell as a result of events inside of a cell, such as apoptosis or autophagy. PCD is carried out in a biological process, which usually confers advantage during an organism's lifecycle. For example, the differentiation of fingers and toes in a developing human embryo occurs because cells between the fingers apoptose; the result is that the digits are separate. PCD serves fundamental functions during both plant and animal tissue development.
G1 phaseDISPLAYTITLE:G1 phase The G1 phase, gap 1 phase, or growth 1 phase, is the first of four phases of the cell cycle that takes place in eukaryotic cell division. In this part of interphase, the cell synthesizes mRNA and proteins in preparation for subsequent steps leading to mitosis. G1 phase ends when the cell moves into the S phase of interphase. Around 30 to 40 percent of cell cycle time is spent in the G1 phase.
VirusUn virus est un agent infectieux nécessitant un hôte, souvent une cellule, dont les constituants et le métabolisme déclenchent la réplication. Le nom virus a été emprunté au par Ambroise Paré au latin . La science des virus est la virologie, et ses experts sont des virologues ou virologistes. On considère de plus en plus les virus comme faisant partie des acaryotes. Ils changent de forme durant leur cycle, passant par deux stades : Une phase extracellulaire sous forme de particule virale.
S phaseS phase (Synthesis Phase) is the phase of the cell cycle in which DNA is replicated, occurring between G1 phase and G2 phase. Since accurate duplication of the genome is critical to successful cell division, the processes that occur during S-phase are tightly regulated and widely conserved. G1/S transition Entry into S-phase is controlled by the G1 restriction point (R), which commits cells to the remainder of the cell-cycle if there is adequate nutrients and growth signaling.
G0 phaseDISPLAYTITLE:G0 phase The G0 phase describes a cellular state outside of the replicative cell cycle. Classically, cells were thought to enter G0 primarily due to environmental factors, like nutrient deprivation, that limited the resources necessary for proliferation. Thus it was thought of as a resting phase. G0 is now known to take different forms and occur for multiple reasons. For example, most adult neuronal cells, among the most metabolically active cells in the body, are fully differentiated and reside in a terminal G0 phase.
Cell damageCell damage (also known as cell injury) is a variety of changes of stress that a cell suffers due to external as well as internal environmental changes. Amongst other causes, this can be due to physical, chemical, infectious, biological, nutritional or immunological factors. Cell damage can be reversible or irreversible. Depending on the extent of injury, the cellular response may be adaptive and where possible, homeostasis is restored. Cell death occurs when the severity of the injury exceeds the cell's ability to repair itself.
Cellular senescenceCellular senescence is a phenomenon characterized by the cessation of cell division. In their experiments during the early 1960s, Leonard Hayflick and Paul Moorhead found that normal human fetal fibroblasts in culture reach a maximum of approximately 50 cell population doublings before becoming senescent. This process is known as "replicative senescence", or the Hayflick limit. Hayflick's discovery of mortal cells paved the path for the discovery and understanding of cellular aging molecular pathways.
P16Le p16 est une protéine suppresseuse de tumeur également connue sous le nom d'inhibiteur de kinase cycline-dépendante 2A (CDKN2A). Elle est un inhibiteur du complexe CDK4/CDK6-Cycline D. Ce complexe phosphoryle pRB (protéine du rétinoblastome), ce qui a pour conséquence de l'empêcher de se lier au facteur de transcription E2F. Celui-ci peut alors activer la transcription de nombreux gènes favorisant le passage de la cellule de la phase G1 à la phase S.
Virus adéno-associéthumb|Virus adéno-associés. Un virus adéno-associé (ou AAV, pour adeno associated virus en anglais) est un petit virus à ADN, non pathogène, existant chez les primates dont l'humain. Les virus adéno-associés, très attractifs comme vecteur de transfert de gènes, ont démontré au travers de nombreuses études précliniques de thérapie génique leur fort potentiel thérapeutique, conforté par des essais cliniques de phase I à III. Certains sérotypes naturels (AAV9) ou artificiels traversent la barrière hémato-encéphalique chez l'homme.
Lymphocyte Bvignette|Une reconstitution en 3D d'un lymphocyte B. On peut voir les prolongements cytoplasmiques qui servent au lymphocyte à se déplacer sur la paroi des vaisseaux sanguins vignette|Un lymphocyte B humain, en microscopie électronique. On peut apercevoir les mitochondries, un noyau très volumineux, et des prolongements cytoplasmiques (sortes de tentacules) qui servent au lymphocytes à se déplacer. Les lymphocytes B, ou cellules B, sont des globules blancs particuliers faisant partie des lymphocytes.
