Béton de cimentthumb|upright=1.0|Un mètre cube de béton (représentant la production mondiale annuelle de béton par habitant). Le béton de ciment, couramment appelé béton, est un mélange de ciment, de granulats, d'eau et d'adjuvants. Histoire du béton de ciment Ciment Le ciment se compose essentiellement de chaux, de silice, d'alumine et d'oxyde de fer combinés au silicate et aluminate de calcium. Les différents ciments résultent du mélange de clinker, de calcaire, de laitier et de cendres volantes (qui sont des composés à effet pouzzolanique, mais non considérés comme des pouzzolanes).
Structural engineerStructural engineers analyze, design, plan, and research structural components and structural systems to achieve design goals and ensure the safety and comfort of users or occupants. Their work takes account mainly of safety, technical, economic, and environmental concerns, but they may also consider aesthetic and social factors. Structural engineering is usually considered a specialty discipline within civil engineering, but it can also be studied in its own right.
Essai de tractionthumb|Essai de traction terminé. Un essai de traction est une expérience de physique qui permet d'obtenir des informations sur le comportement élastique, le comportement plastique et le degré de résistance à la rupture d'un matériau, lorsqu'il est soumis à une sollicitation uniaxiale. Certains objets manufacturés doivent avoir un minimum de solidité pour pouvoir supporter les charges, le poids et bien d'autres efforts. L'essai de traction permet de caractériser les matériaux, indépendamment de la forme de l'objet sollicité, ou la performance d'un assemblage mécanique.
Essai de compressionUn essai de compression mesure la résistance à la compression d'un matériau sur une machine d'essais mécaniques suivant un protocole normalisé. Les essais de compression se font souvent sur le même appareil que l'essai de traction mais en appliquant la charge en compression au lieu de l'appliquer en traction. Pendant l'essai de compression, l'échantillon se raccourcit et s'élargit. La déformation relative est « négative » en ce sens que la longueur de l'échantillon diminue.
Stress–strain curveIn engineering and materials science, a stress–strain curve for a material gives the relationship between stress and strain. It is obtained by gradually applying load to a test coupon and measuring the deformation, from which the stress and strain can be determined (see tensile testing). These curves reveal many of the properties of a material, such as the Young's modulus, the yield strength and the ultimate tensile strength. Generally speaking, curves representing the relationship between stress and strain in any form of deformation can be regarded as stress–strain curves.
Shear strengthIn engineering, shear strength is the strength of a material or component against the type of yield or structural failure when the material or component fails in shear. A shear load is a force that tends to produce a sliding failure on a material along a plane that is parallel to the direction of the force. When a paper is cut with scissors, the paper fails in shear. In structural and mechanical engineering, the shear strength of a component is important for designing the dimensions and materials to be used for the manufacture or construction of the component (e.
Deformation (engineering)In engineering, deformation refers to the change in size or shape of an object. Displacements are the absolute change in position of a point on the object. Deflection is the relative change in external displacements on an object. Strain is the relative internal change in shape of an infinitesimally small cube of material and can be expressed as a non-dimensional change in length or angle of distortion of the cube. Strains are related to the forces acting on the cube, which are known as stress, by a stress-strain curve.
Stress–strain analysisStress–strain analysis (or stress analysis) is an engineering discipline that uses many methods to determine the stresses and strains in materials and structures subjected to forces. In continuum mechanics, stress is a physical quantity that expresses the internal forces that neighboring particles of a continuous material exert on each other, while strain is the measure of the deformation of the material. In simple terms we can define stress as the force of resistance per unit area, offered by a body against deformation.
Structural loadA structural load or structural action is a force, deformation, or acceleration applied to structural elements. A load causes stress, deformation, and displacement in a structure. Structural analysis, a discipline in engineering, analyzes the effects of loads on structures and structural elements. Excess load may cause structural failure, so this should be considered and controlled during the design of a structure. Particular mechanical structures—such as aircraft, satellites, rockets, space stations, ships, and submarines—are subject to their own particular structural loads and actions.
Matériauvignette|Grandes classes de matériaux. Les matériaux minéraux sont des roches, des céramiques ou des verres. Les matériaux métalliques sont des métaux ou des alliages. Un matériau est toute matière utilisée pour réaliser un objet au sens large. Ce dernier est souvent une pièce d'un sous-ensemble. C'est donc une matière sélectionnée à l'origine en raison de propriétés particulières et mise en œuvre en vue d'un usage spécifique.
