Polyfluorure de vinylidèneLe poly(fluorure de vinylidène) est un polymère du fluorure de vinylidène. Son nom anglais est « PolyVinyliDene Fluoride », ce qui explique son code ISO : PVDF. Il est commercialisé sous les noms Dyflor (Evonik), Foraflon, Kynar (Arkema) et Solef (Solvay). Le PVDF est un fluoropolymère thermoplastique semi-cristallin (taux de cristallinité voisin de 50 %) très résistant. À l'instar des autres fluoropolymères, il supporte les rayons ultraviolets, a une bonne résistance au feu et aux agents chimiques les plus corrosifs, et a d'ailleurs été utilisé en premier lieu pour l'isolation électrique.
Voltage spikeIn electrical engineering, spikes are fast, short duration electrical transients in voltage (voltage spikes), current (current spikes), or transferred energy (energy spikes) in an electrical circuit. Fast, short duration electrical transients (overvoltages) in the electric potential of a circuit are typically caused by Lightning strikes Power outages Tripped circuit breakers Short circuits Power transitions in other large equipment on the same power line Malfunctions caused by the power company Electromagnetic pulses (EMP) with electromagnetic energy distributed typically up to the 100 kHz and 1 MHz frequency range.
Applications of capacitorsCapacitors have many uses in electronic and electrical systems. They are so ubiquitous that it is rare that an electrical product does not include at least one for some purpose. Capacitors allow only AC signals to pass when they are charged blocking DC signals. The main components of filters are capacitors. Capacitors have the ability to connect one circuit segment to another. Capacitors are used by Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) devices to represent binary information as bits.
Tantalum capacitorA tantalum electrolytic capacitor is an electrolytic capacitor, a passive component of electronic circuits. It consists of a pellet of porous tantalum metal as an anode, covered by an insulating oxide layer that forms the dielectric, surrounded by liquid or solid electrolyte as a cathode. Because of its very thin and relatively high permittivity dielectric layer, the tantalum capacitor distinguishes itself from other conventional and electrolytic capacitors in having high capacitance per volume (high volumetric efficiency) and lower weight.
MagnetochemistryMagnetochemistry is concerned with the magnetic properties of chemical compounds. Magnetic properties arise from the spin and orbital angular momentum of the electrons contained in a compound. Compounds are diamagnetic when they contain no unpaired electrons. Molecular compounds that contain one or more unpaired electrons are paramagnetic. The magnitude of the paramagnetism is expressed as an effective magnetic moment, μeff. For first-row transition metals the magnitude of μeff is, to a first approximation, a simple function of the number of unpaired electrons, the spin-only formula.
Low-κ dielectricIn semiconductor manufacturing, a low-κ is a material with a small relative dielectric constant (κ, kappa) relative to silicon dioxide. Low-κ dielectric material implementation is one of several strategies used to allow continued scaling of microelectronic devices, colloquially referred to as extending Moore's law. In digital circuits, insulating dielectrics separate the conducting parts (wire interconnects and transistors) from one another.
Haute tensionLa haute tension est un terme qui caractérise, selon des normes européennes, les valeurs de la tension électrique supérieures à en courant alternatif et en courant continu. En France, on distingue deux domaines de hautes tensions : le domaine haute tension A (ou HTA)), concerne les installations électriques dans lesquelles la tension : excède sans dépasser en courant alternatif, ou excède sans dépasser en courant continu ; le domaine haute tension B (ou HTB) concerne les installations électriques dans lesquelles la tension : excède en courant alternatif, ou excède en courant continu.
Relative permittivityThe relative permittivity (in older texts, dielectric constant) is the permittivity of a material expressed as a ratio with the electric permittivity of a vacuum. A dielectric is an insulating material, and the dielectric constant of an insulator measures the ability of the insulator to store electric energy in an electrical field. Permittivity is a material's property that affects the Coulomb force between two point charges in the material. Relative permittivity is the factor by which the electric field between the charges is decreased relative to vacuum.
Aluminum electrolytic capacitorAluminum electrolytic capacitors are polarized electrolytic capacitors whose anode electrode (+) is made of a pure aluminum foil with an etched surface. The aluminum forms a very thin insulating layer of aluminum oxide by anodization that acts as the dielectric of the capacitor. A non-solid electrolyte covers the rough surface of the oxide layer, serving in principle as the second electrode (cathode) (-) of the capacitor. A second aluminum foil called “cathode foil” contacts the electrolyte and serves as the electrical connection to the negative terminal of the capacitor.
AimantationDans la langue courante, l'aimantation d'un objet est le fait qu'il soit aimanté ou bien le processus par lequel il le devient. En physique, l'aimantation est de plus, et surtout, une grandeur vectorielle qui caractérise à l'échelle macroscopique l'orientation et l'intensité de son aimantation au premier des deux sens précédents. Elle a comme origine les courants microscopiques résultant du mouvement des électrons dans l'atome (moment magnétique orbital des électrons), ainsi que le moment magnétique de spin des électrons ou des noyaux atomiques.
