Zone sous-ventriculaireThe subventricular zone (SVZ) is a region situated on the outside wall of each lateral ventricle of the vertebrate brain. It is present in both the embryonic and adult brain. In embryonic life, the SVZ refers to a secondary proliferative zone containing neural progenitor cells, which divide to produce neurons in the process of neurogenesis. The primary neural stem cells of the brain and spinal cord, termed radial glial cells, instead reside in the ventricular zone (VZ) (so-called because the VZ lines the inside of the developing ventricles).
Glutamate (neurotransmitter)In neuroscience, glutamate is the dianion (divalent anion) of glutamic acid in its role as a neurotransmitter (a chemical that nerve cells use to send signals to other cells). It is by a wide margin the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate nervous system. It is used by every major excitatory function in the vertebrate brain, accounting in total for well over 90% of the synaptic connections in the human brain. It also serves as the primary neurotransmitter for some localized brain regions, such as cerebellum granule cells.
Excitatory synapseAn excitatory synapse is a synapse in which an action potential in a presynaptic neuron increases the probability of an action potential occurring in a postsynaptic cell. Neurons form networks through which nerve impulses travels, each neuron often making numerous connections with other cells of neurons. These electrical signals may be excitatory or inhibitory, and, if the total of excitatory influences exceeds that of the inhibitory influences, the neuron will generate a new action potential at its axon hillock, thus transmitting the information to yet another cell.
Acide quinoléiqueL’acide quinoléique, ou acide quinolinique, est un métabolite de la voie de la kynurénine convertissant le tryptophane en NAD+. Il aurait un effet neurotoxique et serait impliqué dans plusieurs processus neurodégénératifs du cerveau, tels que le syndrome démentiel du SIDA, la maladie d'Alzheimer, la maladie de Huntington, la maladie de Charcot, la maladie de Parkinson et la sclérose en plaques. Il expliquerait le "brouillard mental et la fatigue chronique" ressentie par les personnes infectées par la borreliose / maladie de Lyme.
Cellule souche neuraleLes cellules souches neurales sont des cellules souches - multipotentes et capables de s'auto-renouveler - dont le potentiel de différenciation est restreint aux types cellulaires neuraux, notamment : Neurone, Astrocyte et Oligodendrocyte. Durant l'embryogenèse, ces cellules souches neurales sont situées dans la zone ventriculaire du tube neural. Elles génèrent l'ensemble des types cellulaires nécessaires au système nerveux central (à l'exception de la microglie), par un processus appelé neurogenèse.
Acide pyruviqueL’acide pyruvique est un composé chimique de formule . Il s'agit d'un ou portant à la fois une fonction acide carboxylique et une fonction cétone. Sa base conjuguée est l'anion pyruvate , un métabolite clé situé au carrefour de plusieurs voies métaboliques majeures des cellules vivantes, telles que la glycolyse, le cycle de Krebs et la néoglucogenèse, et peut être converti en acide gras, en alanine ou encore en éthanol après décarboxylation oxydative en acétyl-coenzyme A.
Glycogen synthaseGlycogen synthase (UDP-glucose-glycogen glucosyltransferase) is a key enzyme in glycogenesis, the conversion of glucose into glycogen. It is a glycosyltransferase () that catalyses the reaction of UDP-glucose and (1,4-α-D-glucosyl)n to yield UDP and (1,4-α-D-glucosyl)n+1. Much research has been done on glycogen degradation through studying the structure and function of glycogen phosphorylase, the key regulatory enzyme of glycogen degradation. On the other hand, much less is known about the structure of glycogen synthase, the key regulatory enzyme of glycogen synthesis.
Metabotropic glutamate receptorThe metabotropic glutamate receptors, or mGluRs, are a type of glutamate receptor that are active through an indirect metabotropic process. They are members of the group C family of G-protein-coupled receptors, or GPCRs. Like all glutamate receptors, mGluRs bind with glutamate, an amino acid that functions as an excitatory neurotransmitter. The mGluRs perform a variety of functions in the central and peripheral nervous systems: For example, they are involved in learning, memory, anxiety, and the perception of pain.
Ganglions de la baseLes ganglions de la base (autrement appelés noyaux gris centraux ou noyaux de la base) sont un ensemble de structures sous-corticales constitué par des noyaux pairs, interconnectés au niveau télencéphalique (hémisphères cérébraux) et diencéphalique. Leur structure peut varier selon qu'on les définit de manière anatomique ou fonctionnelle.
Non-competitive inhibitionNon-competitive inhibition is a type of enzyme inhibition where the inhibitor reduces the activity of the enzyme and binds equally well to the enzyme whether or not it has already bound the substrate. This is unlike competitive inhibition, where binding affinity for the substrate in the enzyme is decreased in the presence of an inhibitor. The inhibitor may bind to the enzyme whether or not the substrate has already been bound, but if it has a higher affinity for binding the enzyme in one state or the other, it is called a mixed inhibitor.
