PressionLa pression est une grandeur physique qui traduit les échanges de quantité de mouvement dans un système thermodynamique, et notamment au sein d'un solide ou d'un fluide. Elle est définie classiquement comme l'intensité de la force qu'exerce un fluide par unité de surface. C'est une grandeur scalaire (ou tensorielle) intensive. Dans le Système international d'unités elle s'exprime en pascals, de symbole Pa. L'analyse dimensionnelle montre que la pression est homogène à une force surfacique ( ) comme à une énergie volumique ( ).
Compressible flowCompressible flow (or gas dynamics) is the branch of fluid mechanics that deals with flows having significant changes in fluid density. While all flows are compressible, flows are usually treated as being incompressible when the Mach number (the ratio of the speed of the flow to the speed of sound) is smaller than 0.3 (since the density change due to velocity is about 5% in that case). The study of compressible flow is relevant to high-speed aircraft, jet engines, rocket motors, high-speed entry into a planetary atmosphere, gas pipelines, commercial applications such as abrasive blasting, and many other fields.
Fractional factorial designIn statistics, fractional factorial designs are experimental designs consisting of a carefully chosen subset (fraction) of the experimental runs of a full factorial design. The subset is chosen so as to exploit the sparsity-of-effects principle to expose information about the most important features of the problem studied, while using a fraction of the effort of a full factorial design in terms of experimental runs and resources.
Quasi-experimentA quasi-experiment is an empirical interventional study used to estimate the causal impact of an intervention on target population without random assignment. Quasi-experimental research shares similarities with the traditional experimental design or randomized controlled trial, but it specifically lacks the element of random assignment to treatment or control. Instead, quasi-experimental designs typically allow the researcher to control the assignment to the treatment condition, but using some criterion other than random assignment (e.
Arsenic contamination of groundwaterArsenic contamination of groundwater is a form of groundwater pollution which is often due to naturally occurring high concentrations of arsenic in deeper levels of groundwater. It is a high-profile problem due to the use of deep tube wells for water supply in the Ganges Delta, causing serious arsenic poisoning to large numbers of people. A 2007 study found that over 137 million people in more than 70 countries are probably affected by arsenic poisoning of drinking water.
Pressure measurementPressure measurement is the measurement of an applied force by a fluid (liquid or gas) on a surface. Pressure is typically measured in units of force per unit of surface area. Many techniques have been developed for the measurement of pressure and vacuum. Instruments used to measure and display pressure mechanically are called pressure gauges, vacuum gauges or compound gauges (vacuum & pressure). The widely used Bourdon gauge is a mechanical device, which both measures and indicates and is probably the best known type of gauge.
Tôlevignette|Tôle à Nyhavn, Danemark. Une tôle est un morceau de métal obtenu au moyen d'un laminoir à produits plats. Les tôles les plus minces sont appelées « feuilles », celles d'épaisseur intermédiaire « tôles minces » (ou « tôles fines »), et les plus épaisses « tôles fortes » (ou « plaques »). Selon l'organisation professionnelle , les tôles minces sont définies comme ayant une épaisseur comprise entre 0,20 et . La limite inférieure est parfois donnée à , et la limite supérieure est parfois arrondie à .
Randomized experimentIn science, randomized experiments are the experiments that allow the greatest reliability and validity of statistical estimates of treatment effects. Randomization-based inference is especially important in experimental design and in survey sampling. In the statistical theory of design of experiments, randomization involves randomly allocating the experimental units across the treatment groups. For example, if an experiment compares a new drug against a standard drug, then the patients should be allocated to either the new drug or to the standard drug control using randomization.
Impression 3Dalt=Une grenouille en plastique bleue est en cours de construction par une imprimante 3D|vignette|Objet imprimé en 3D par une Ultimaker 2 Go vignette|Imprimante 3D dans un fab lab béninois.L'impression 3D ou fabrication additive regroupe les procédés de fabrication permettant de créer des pièces en volume par ajout de matière en couches successives. Elle s'oppose à la fabrication soustractive. Cette famille de procédés a commencé à se développer au début des années 1980 avec pour objectif principal de faciliter le prototypage rapide, puisque le coût de production est pratiquement indépendant de la quantité produite.
Groundwater pollutionGroundwater pollution (also called groundwater contamination) occurs when pollutants are released to the ground and make their way into groundwater. This type of water pollution can also occur naturally due to the presence of a minor and unwanted constituent, contaminant, or impurity in the groundwater, in which case it is more likely referred to as contamination rather than pollution.
