Bayesian probabilityBayesian probability (ˈbeɪziən or ˈbeɪʒən ) is an interpretation of the concept of probability, in which, instead of frequency or propensity of some phenomenon, probability is interpreted as reasonable expectation representing a state of knowledge or as quantification of a personal belief. The Bayesian interpretation of probability can be seen as an extension of propositional logic that enables reasoning with hypotheses; that is, with propositions whose truth or falsity is unknown.
OrthographeEn linguistique, le terme orthographe (du latin orthographia, lui-même issu du grec , composé de , « droit, correct », et de , « écrire ») dénomme un système de règles concernant l'écriture d'une langue, faisant partie de son standard, en comparaison duquel on juge comme correctes ou incorrectes les formes que les utilisateurs réalisent en écrivant cette langue.
Phonemic contrastPhonemic contrast refers to a minimal phonetic difference, that is, small differences in speech sounds, that makes a difference in how the sound is perceived by listeners, and can therefore lead to different mental lexical entries for words. For example, whether a sound is voiced or unvoiced (consider /b/ and /p/ in English) matters for how a sound is perceived in many languages, such that changing this phonetic feature can yield a different word (consider bat and pat in English); see Phoneme.
Cot–caught mergerThe cot–caught merger, also known as the merger or low back merger, is a sound change present in some dialects of English where speakers do not distinguish the vowel phonemes in words like cot versus caught. Cot and caught (along with bot and bought, pond and pawned, etc.) is an example of a minimal pair that is lost as a result of this sound change. The phonemes involved in the cot–caught merger, the low back vowels, are typically represented in the International Phonetic Alphabet as /ɒ/ and /ɔ/, respectively (or, in North America, co-occurring with the father–bother merger, as /ɑ/ and /ɔ/).
Inverse probabilityIn probability theory, inverse probability is an obsolete term for the probability distribution of an unobserved variable. Today, the problem of determining an unobserved variable (by whatever method) is called inferential statistics, the method of inverse probability (assigning a probability distribution to an unobserved variable) is called Bayesian probability, the "distribution" of data given the unobserved variable is rather the likelihood function (which is not a probability distribution), and the distribution of an unobserved variable, given both data and a prior distribution, is the posterior distribution.
Received Pronunciationvignette|Enregistrement datant de 2004 d'une locutrice de la received pronunciation. Le texte lu est The North Wind and the Sun, souvent utilisé pour étudier les prononciations de l'anglais. La received pronunciation, aussi appelée Oxford English, Queen's English ou BBC English, est la prononciation traditionnellement considérée comme standard pour l'anglais britannique. C'est le dialecte de prestige en Angleterre, mais il n'a pas de prestige particulier dans les autres pays anglophones.
Inductive probabilityInductive probability attempts to give the probability of future events based on past events. It is the basis for inductive reasoning, and gives the mathematical basis for learning and the perception of patterns. It is a source of knowledge about the world. There are three sources of knowledge: inference, communication, and deduction. Communication relays information found using other methods. Deduction establishes new facts based on existing facts. Inference establishes new facts from data. Its basis is Bayes' theorem.
Prononciation du mandarin standardLa prononciation officielle du mandarin, fait l'objet du présent article. Les différents dialectes mandarins s'en écartent parfois largement, tant pour les sons que pour les tons. Le mandarin, comme nombre de langues extrême-orientales (vietnamien, thaï...), est monosyllabique : non pas que chaque mot se réduise à une syllabe mais surtout parce que chaque caractère de l'écriture (ou sinogramme ; consulter surtout Prononciation et sémantisme des sinogrammes pour une approche liée au système d'écriture) note une syllabe (sauf un, le suffixe -er) et qu'à chaque syllabe correspond un morphème (lexical ou grammatical).
Phonological changeIn historical linguistics, phonological change is any sound change that alters the distribution of phonemes in a language. In other words, a language develops a new system of oppositions among its phonemes. Old contrasts may disappear, new ones may emerge, or they may simply be rearranged. Sound change may be an impetus for changes in the phonological structures of a language (and likewise, phonological change may sway the process of sound change).
Probabilitévignette|Quatre dés à six faces de quatre couleurs différentes. Les six faces possibles sont visibles. Le terme probabilité possède plusieurs sens : venu historiquement du latin probabilitas, il désigne l'opposé du concept de certitude ; il est également une évaluation du caractère probable d'un événement, c'est-à-dire qu'une valeur permet de représenter son degré de certitude ; récemment, la probabilité est devenue une science mathématique et est appelée théorie des probabilités ou plus simplement probabilités ; enfin une doctrine porte également le nom de probabilisme.
