BrazingBrazing is a metal-joining process in which two or more metal items are joined together by melting and flowing a filler metal into the joint, with the filler metal having a lower melting point than the adjoining metal. Brazing differs from welding in that it does not involve melting the work pieces. Brazing differs from soldering through the use of a higher temperature and much more closely fitted parts than when soldering. During the brazing process, the filler metal flows into the gap between close-fitting parts by capillary action.
Residual stressIn materials science and solid mechanics, residual stresses are stresses that remain in a solid material after the original cause of the stresses has been removed. Residual stress may be desirable or undesirable. For example, laser peening imparts deep beneficial compressive residual stresses into metal components such as turbine engine fan blades, and it is used in toughened glass to allow for large, thin, crack- and scratch-resistant glass displays on smartphones.
Brasagethumb|Brasage de composants électroniques. Le brasage des métaux, aussi appelé brasure, est un procédé d'assemblage permanent qui établit une liaison métallique entre les pièces réunies. Contrairement au soudage (soudure), il n'y a pas fusion des bords assemblés. Selon les cas, il peut y avoir ou non utilisation d'un . Le mécanisme du brasage consiste en la diffusion/migration atomique de part et d'autre de l'interface solide/solide dans le cas d'un brasage sans métal d'apport et de l'interface solide/liquide/solide lorsqu'un métal d'apport est utilisé.
Flux de brasageUn flux de brasage est un mélange de produits chimiques permettant d'assurer un bon mouillage de l'alliage d'apport sur les pièces à assembler en : éliminant les oxydes présents à la surface des pièces à assembler protégeant les pièces à assembler de l'oxydation pendant toute la durée de l'opération de brasage baissant la tension superficielle de l'alliage d'apport On peut trouver le flux de brasage sous différentes formes : état liquide ; état pâteux ; état gazeux ; état solide.
Pollution plastiquethumb|Déchets plastiques au jardin botanique de Bogor en Indonésie (2018). La pollution par le plastique (ou « pollution plastique ») est une pollution engendrée par l'accumulation de déchets en matière plastique dans l'environnement. Il existe plusieurs formes et types de pollution plastique. Le système mondial de production, d'utilisation et d'élimination des matières plastique est un système défaillant. La pollution plastique est corrélée au faible coût du plastique, qui entraîne une utilisation massive et jetable de ce dernier.
Diffraction de poudrevignette|320x320px|Paterne de poudre d'électron (rouge) d'un film d'aluminium avec une superposition de spirales (vert) et une ligne d'intersection (bleue) qui détermine le paramètre de réseau. La diffraction de poudre est une technique scientifique utilisant la diffraction aux rayons X, la diffraction de neutrons ou la diffraction des électrons sur des échantillons en poudre ou micro-cristallins pour la caractérisation structurale de matériaux. L'instrument dédié à l'exécution de ces mesures est appelé un diffractomètre de poudre.
Marine plastic pollutionMarine plastic pollution (or plastic pollution in the ocean) is a type of marine pollution by plastics, ranging in size from large original material such as bottles and bags, down to microplastics formed from the fragmentation of plastic material. Marine debris is mainly discarded human rubbish which floats on, or is suspended in the ocean. Eighty percent of marine debris is plastic. Microplastics and nanoplastics result from the breakdown or photodegradation of plastic waste in surface waters, rivers or oceans.
SolderSolder (UKˈsɒldə,_ˈsəʊldə; NA: ˈsɒdər) is a fusible metal alloy used to create a permanent bond between metal workpieces. Solder is melted in order to wet the parts of the joint, where it adheres to and connects the pieces after cooling. Metals or alloys suitable for use as solder should have a lower melting point than the pieces to be joined. The solder should also be resistant to oxidative and corrosive effects that would degrade the joint over time. Solder used in making electrical connections also needs to have favorable electrical characteristics.
Plastic pellet pollutionPlastic pellet pollution is a type of marine debris originating from the plastic particles that are universally used to manufacture large-scale plastics. In the context of plastic pollution, these pre-production plastic pellets are commonly known as 'nurdles'. These microplastics are created separately from the user plastics they are melted down to form, and pellet loss can occur during both the manufacturing and transport stages. When released into the open environment, they create persistent pollution both in the oceans and on beaches.
Biodegradable plasticBiodegradable plastics are plastics that can be decomposed by the action of living organisms, usually microbes, into water, carbon dioxide, and biomass. Biodegradable plastics are commonly produced with renewable raw materials, micro-organisms, petrochemicals, or combinations of all three. While the words "bioplastic" and "biodegradable plastic" are similar, they are not synonymous. Not all bioplastics (plastics derived partly or entirely from biomass) are biodegradable, and some biodegradable plastics are fully petroleum based.
