Short-rate modelA short-rate model, in the context of interest rate derivatives, is a mathematical model that describes the future evolution of interest rates by describing the future evolution of the short rate, usually written . Under a short rate model, the stochastic state variable is taken to be the instantaneous spot rate. The short rate, , then, is the (continuously compounded, annualized) interest rate at which an entity can borrow money for an infinitesimally short period of time from time .
Local volatilityA local volatility model, in mathematical finance and financial engineering, is an option pricing model that treats volatility as a function of both the current asset level and of time . As such, it is a generalisation of the Black–Scholes model, where the volatility is a constant (i.e. a trivial function of and ). Local volatility models are often compared with stochastic volatility models, where the instantaneous volatility is not just a function of the asset level but depends also on a new "global" randomness coming from an additional random component.
Financial economicsFinancial economics is the branch of economics characterized by a "concentration on monetary activities", in which "money of one type or another is likely to appear on both sides of a trade". Its concern is thus the interrelation of financial variables, such as share prices, interest rates and exchange rates, as opposed to those concerning the real economy. It has two main areas of focus: asset pricing and corporate finance; the first being the perspective of providers of capital, i.e.
Modélisation financièreLa modélisation financière consiste à représenter une situation financière grâce à un modèle mathématique, en fonction de différents paramètres. La modélisation financière facilite ainsi la prise de décision, en permettant de simuler divers scénarios et d’aboutir à des recommandations. La modélisation s’applique principalement à deux grands domaines de la finance, la finance d’entreprise et la finance de marché.
Risk-neutral measureIn mathematical finance, a risk-neutral measure (also called an equilibrium measure, or equivalent martingale measure) is a probability measure such that each share price is exactly equal to the discounted expectation of the share price under this measure. This is heavily used in the pricing of financial derivatives due to the fundamental theorem of asset pricing, which implies that in a complete market, a derivative's price is the discounted expected value of the future payoff under the unique risk-neutral measure.
Lattice model (finance)In finance, a lattice model is a technique applied to the valuation of derivatives, where a discrete time model is required. For equity options, a typical example would be pricing an American option, where a decision as to option exercise is required at "all" times (any time) before and including maturity. A continuous model, on the other hand, such as Black–Scholes, would only allow for the valuation of European options, where exercise is on the option's maturity date.
OptionEn finance, une option est un produit dérivé qui établit un contrat entre un acheteur et un vendeur. L'acheteur de l'option obtient le droit, et non pas l'obligation, d'acheter (call) ou de vendre (put) un actif sous-jacent à un prix fixé à l'avance (strike), pendant un temps donné ou à une date fixée. Ce contrat peut se faire dans une optique de spéculation sur le prix futur de l'actif sous-jacent, ou d'assurance contre une évolution défavorable de ce prix.
Analyse quantitative (économie)En finance, l'analyse quantitative est l'utilisation de mathématiques financières, souvent dérivées des probabilités, pour mettre au point et utiliser des modèles permettant aux gestionnaires de fonds et autres spécialistes financiers de s'attaquer à deux problèmes : mieux évaluer la valeur des actifs financiers, et surtout leurs dérivés. Ces dérivés peuvent être des produits comme les warrants, les certificats ou tout autre type de dérivé ou d'option (contrats Futures sur matières premières, indices, etc.
Modèle d'évaluation par arbitrageLe modèle d'évaluation par arbitrage ou MEA (en anglais, arbitrage pricing theory ou APT) est un modèle financier d'évaluation des actifs d'un portefeuille qui s'appuie sur l'observation des anomalies du MEDAF et considère les variables propres aux firmes susceptibles d'améliorer davantage le pouvoir prédictif du modèle d'évaluation. Pour lutter contre l'instabilité des bétas du MEDAF, le modèle MEA introduit des facteurs macroéconomiques et spécifiques.
Rational pricingRational pricing is the assumption in financial economics that asset prices – and hence asset pricing models – will reflect the arbitrage-free price of the asset as any deviation from this price will be "arbitraged away". This assumption is useful in pricing fixed income securities, particularly bonds, and is fundamental to the pricing of derivative instruments. Arbitrage is the practice of taking advantage of a state of imbalance between two (or possibly more) markets. Where this mismatch can be exploited (i.
