Industrie du plastiqueL'industrie des plastiques conçoit, fabrique (plasturgie) et commercialise des matériaux polymères utilisés pour de nombreux usages ( emballage, construction, électronique, industrie aérospatiale, transport, agriculture, sylviculture, jouets, gadgets, sans oublier les microplastiques dans certains dentifrices et cosmétiques). Une grande partie de la partie amont (production) de ce secteur est classée dans l'industrie chimique et dépend encore des hydrocarbures fossiles (naphta, gaz naturel), ce qui la fait aussi classer en grande partie au sein l'industrie pétrochimique.
Commodity plasticsCommodity plastics or commodity polymers are plastics produced in high volumes for applications where exceptional material properties are not needed (such as packaging, food containers, and household products). In contrast to engineering plastics, commodity plastics tend to be inexpensive to produce and exhibit relatively weak mechanical properties. Some examples of commodity plastics are polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, and poly(methyl methacrylate).
Ultimate tensile strengthUltimate tensile strength (also called UTS, tensile strength, TS, ultimate strength or in notation) is the maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before breaking. In brittle materials the ultimate tensile strength is close to the yield point, whereas in ductile materials the ultimate tensile strength can be higher. The ultimate tensile strength is usually found by performing a tensile test and recording the engineering stress versus strain.
Biodegradable plasticBiodegradable plastics are plastics that can be decomposed by the action of living organisms, usually microbes, into water, carbon dioxide, and biomass. Biodegradable plastics are commonly produced with renewable raw materials, micro-organisms, petrochemicals, or combinations of all three. While the words "bioplastic" and "biodegradable plastic" are similar, they are not synonymous. Not all bioplastics (plastics derived partly or entirely from biomass) are biodegradable, and some biodegradable plastics are fully petroleum based.
Stress–strain curveIn engineering and materials science, a stress–strain curve for a material gives the relationship between stress and strain. It is obtained by gradually applying load to a test coupon and measuring the deformation, from which the stress and strain can be determined (see tensile testing). These curves reveal many of the properties of a material, such as the Young's modulus, the yield strength and the ultimate tensile strength. Generally speaking, curves representing the relationship between stress and strain in any form of deformation can be regarded as stress–strain curves.
Dureté (matériau)La dureté d'un matériau est définie comme la résistance mécanique qu'un matériau oppose à la pénétration. Pour mesurer la dureté d'un matériau, un pénétrateur de faible déformabilité (cône ou sphère en diamant, carbure de tungstène lié au cobalt ou acier extra-dur) est enfoncé à la surface du matériau à tester avec une force connue pendant un temps donné. Plus l'empreinte laissée est petite, plus le matériau est dur. La dureté se mesure sur différentes échelles selon le type de matériau considéré.
Polymer engineeringPolymer engineering is generally an engineering field that designs, analyses, and modifies polymer materials. Polymer engineering covers aspects of the petrochemical industry, polymerization, structure and characterization of polymers, properties of polymers, compounding and processing of polymers and description of major polymers, structure property relations and applications. The word “polymer” was introduced by the Swedish chemist J. J. Berzelius. He considered, for example, benzene (C6H6) to be a polymer of ethyne (C2H2).
Cuticulevignette|Chez certains champignons comme Russula mustelina, la cuticule se détache facilement de la chair du chapeau. La cuticule (du latin cuticula « petite peau ») est la couche externe qui recouvre et protège les organes aériens des plantes terrestres, des champignons et les organes de certains animaux. Les divers types de cuticules ne sont pas homologues et diffèrent par leur origine, leur structure, leur fonction et leur composition chimique. cuticule (champignon) En mycologie, la cuticule est la mince peau recouvrant l'hyménophore (le chapeau) du sporophore.
Insect physiologyInsect physiology includes the physiology and biochemistry of insect organ systems. Although diverse, insects are quite similar in overall design, internally and externally. The insect is made up of three main body regions (tagmata), the head, thorax and abdomen. The head comprises six fused segments with compound eyes, ocelli, antennae and mouthparts, which differ according to the insect's particular diet, e.g. grinding, sucking, lapping and chewing.
Enrobagethumb|Une meringue enrobée de chocolat. L’enrobage est un procédé industriel consistant à appliquer une couche de liquide ou de poudre sur la surface d'un produit de base de forme quelconque afin de lui conférer des propriétés particulières. Lorsque le substrat est de forme plane (bobines de papier, film plastique, d'acier), on parle plutôt d'enduction. L'enrobage est notamment utilisé dans les secteurs métallurgique, chimique, parachimique, pharmaceutique et agroalimentaire. On utilise parfois le terme anglais équivalent coating.
