Specular reflectionSpecular reflection, or regular reflection, is the mirror-like reflection of waves, such as light, from a surface. The law of reflection states that a reflected ray of light emerges from the reflecting surface at the same angle to the surface normal as the incident ray, but on the opposing side of the surface normal in the plane formed by the incident and reflected rays. This behavior was first described by Hero of Alexandria (AD c. 10–70). Later, Alhazen gave a complete statement of the law of reflection.
Diffuse reflectionDiffuse reflection is the reflection of light or other waves or particles from a surface such that a ray incident on the surface is scattered at many angles rather than at just one angle as in the case of specular reflection. An ideal diffuse reflecting surface is said to exhibit Lambertian reflection, meaning that there is equal luminance when viewed from all directions lying in the half-space adjacent to the surface.
Lumière spéculairevignette|Mise en évidence spéculaire d'une paire de sphères. En imagerie de synthèse, la lumière spéculaire est la composante de lumière calculée sur un objet 3D et issue de la réflexion directe d'une source de lumière sur cet objet. Son calcul nécessite 3 vecteurs, celui de la direction de la lumière, celui de la direction de l'œil de la caméra et enfin celui de la normale de la face sur laquelle elle sera appliquée. Pour des raisons de performances, dans les graphiques 3D en temps réel, l'approximation de Schlick est souvent utilisée pour remplacer le coefficient de Fresnel.
Réflexion (physique)vignette|upright=1|La loi de la réflexion en physique.|alt=Le rayon incident arrive sur la surface et est réfléchi. Les angles d'incidence et de réflexion sont identiques. vignette|Matsimäe Pühajärv, Estonie. La réflexion en physique est le brusque changement de direction d'une onde à l'interface de deux milieux. Après réflexion, l'onde reste dans son milieu de propagation initial. De multiples types d'ondes peuvent subir une réflexion.
Phong reflection modelThe Phong reflection model (also called Phong illumination or Phong lighting) is an empirical model of the local illumination of points on a surface designed by the computer graphics researcher Bui Tuong Phong. In 3D computer graphics, it is sometimes referred to as "Phong shading", particularly if the model is used with the interpolation method of the same name and in the context of pixel shaders or other places where a lighting calculation can be referred to as “shading”.
Polygonal modelingIn 3D computer graphics, polygonal modeling is an approach for modeling objects by representing or approximating their surfaces using polygon meshes. Polygonal modeling is well suited to scanline rendering and is therefore the method of choice for real-time computer graphics. Alternate methods of representing 3D objects include NURBS surfaces, subdivision surfaces, and equation-based (implicit surface) representations used in ray tracers. The basic object used in mesh modeling is a vertex, a point in three-dimensional space.
3D rendering3D rendering is the 3D computer graphics process of converting 3D models into 2D images on a computer. 3D renders may include photorealistic effects or non-photorealistic styles. Rendering is the final process of creating the actual 2D image or animation from the prepared scene. This can be compared to taking a photo or filming the scene after the setup is finished in real life. Several different, and often specialized, rendering methods have been developed.
AlbédoL'albédo, ou albedo (sans accent), est le pouvoir réfléchissant d'une surface, c'est-à-dire le rapport du flux d'énergie lumineuse réfléchie au flux d'énergie lumineuse incidente. C'est une grandeur sans dimension, comparable à la réflectance, mais d'application plus spécifique, utilisée notamment en astronomie, climatologie et géologie. Le substantif masculin albédo est emprunté au latin tardif (bas latin) la, substantif féminin signifiant blancheur. Il a été introduit au en optique et en astronomie par le mathématicien et astronome Jean-Henri Lambert.
3D scanning3D scanner is the process of analyzing a real-world object or environment to collect three dimensional data of its shape and possibly its appearance (e.g. color). The collected data can then be used to construct digital 3D models. A 3D scanner can be based on many different technologies, each with its own limitations, advantages and costs. Many limitations in the kind of objects that can be digitised are still present. For example, optical technology may encounter many difficulties with dark, shiny, reflective or transparent objects.
Albédo géométriqueEn astronomie, l'albédo géométrique d'un astre désigne le rapport entre l'énergie électromagnétique bolométrique réfléchie par cet astre, à angle de phase nul, et celle réfléchie dans les mêmes conditions (c.-à-d. bolométriquement et à un angle de phase nul) par une surface fictive, plane, parfaitement réfléchissante, lambertienne et de même section efficace que l'astre considéré.
