NeurotransmissionNeurotransmission (Latin: transmissio "passage, crossing" from transmittere "send, let through") is the process by which signaling molecules called neurotransmitters are released by the axon terminal of a neuron (the presynaptic neuron), and bind to and react with the receptors on the dendrites of another neuron (the postsynaptic neuron) a short distance away. A similar process occurs in retrograde neurotransmission, where the dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron release retrograde neurotransmitters (e.g.
Potentiel postsynaptique inhibiteurAn inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is a kind of synaptic potential that makes a postsynaptic neuron less likely to generate an action potential. IPSPs were first investigated in motorneurons by David P. C. Lloyd, John Eccles and Rodolfo Llinás in the 1950s and 1960s. The opposite of an inhibitory postsynaptic potential is an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP), which is a synaptic potential that makes a postsynaptic neuron more likely to generate an action potential.
Plaque motriceLa plaque motrice est une zone spécialisée de la membrane des cellules musculaires squelettiques comprenant des récepteurs cholinergiques. Elle fait partie de la jonction neuromusculaire et permet la réception de l’acétylcholine, neurotransmetteur libéré par le motoneurone dans la fente synaptique. À l'entrée d'un muscle, le motoneurone se ramifie et forme une terminaison axonale accolée à la fibre musculaire qu'il innerve. La terminaison axonale et la plaque motrice constituent ensemble la jonction neuromusculaire.
Electrotonic potentialIn physiology, electrotonus refers to the passive spread of charge inside a neuron and between cardiac muscle cells or smooth muscle cells. Passive means that voltage-dependent changes in membrane conductance do not contribute. Neurons and other excitable cells produce two types of electrical potential: Electrotonic potential (or graded potential), a non-propagated local potential, resulting from a local change in ionic conductance (e.g. synaptic or sensory that engenders a local current).
Neural facilitationNeural facilitation, also known as paired-pulse facilitation (PPF), is a phenomenon in neuroscience in which postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) (EPPs, EPSPs or IPSPs) evoked by an impulse are increased when that impulse closely follows a prior impulse. PPF is thus a form of short-term synaptic plasticity. The mechanisms underlying neural facilitation are exclusively pre-synaptic; broadly speaking, PPF arises due to increased presynaptic Ca2+ concentration leading to a greater release of neurotransmitter-containing synaptic vesicles.
Secretory proteinA secretory protein is any protein, whether it be endocrine or exocrine, which is secreted by a cell. Secretory proteins include many hormones, enzymes, toxins, and antimicrobial peptides. Secretory proteins are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum. The production of a secretory protein starts like any other protein. The mRNA is produced and transported to the cytosol where it interacts with a free cytosolic ribosome. The part that is produced first, the N-terminal, contains a signal sequence consisting of 6 to 12 amino acids with hydrophobic side chains.
Logarithme complexeEn mathématiques, le logarithme complexe est une fonction généralisant la fonction logarithme naturel (définie sur ]0,+∞[) au domaine C* des nombres complexes non nuls. Plusieurs définitions sont possibles. Aucune ne permet de conserver, à la fois, l'univocité, la continuité et les propriétés algébriques de la fonction logarithme. Histoire des nombres complexes La question de savoir s'il est possible de prolonger le logarithme naturel (c'est-à-dire de le définir sur un ensemble plus grand que ]0,+∞[) s'est posée dès la seconde moitié du avec les développements en série des fonctions.
Fonction de plusieurs variables complexesLa théorie des fonctions de plusieurs variables complexes est une branche des mathématiques traitant des fonctions à variables complexes. On définit de cette manière une fonction de Cn dans C, dont on peut noter les variables . L'analyse complexe correspond au cas . H. Cartan: Théorie élémentaire des fonctions analytiques d'une ou plusieurs variables complexes. Hermann, Paris, 1961. C. Laurent-Thiébaut : Théorie des fonctions holomorphes de plusieurs variables. EDP Sciences, 1997. V.S.
Glutamate (neurotransmitter)In neuroscience, glutamate is the dianion (divalent anion) of glutamic acid in its role as a neurotransmitter (a chemical that nerve cells use to send signals to other cells). It is by a wide margin the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate nervous system. It is used by every major excitatory function in the vertebrate brain, accounting in total for well over 90% of the synaptic connections in the human brain. It also serves as the primary neurotransmitter for some localized brain regions, such as cerebellum granule cells.
Chloride channelChloride channels are a superfamily of poorly understood ion channels specific for chloride. These channels may conduct many different ions, but are named for chloride because its concentration in vivo is much higher than other anions. Several families of voltage-gated channels and ligand-gated channels (e.g., the CaCC families) have been characterized in humans. Voltage-gated chloride channels perform numerous crucial physiological and cellular functions, such as controlling pH, volume homeostasis, transporting organic solutes, regulating cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation.
