Cell cycle checkpointCell cycle checkpoints are control mechanisms in the eukaryotic cell cycle which ensure its proper progression. Each checkpoint serves as a potential termination point along the cell cycle, during which the conditions of the cell are assessed, with progression through the various phases of the cell cycle occurring only when favorable conditions are met. There are many checkpoints in the cell cycle, but the three major ones are: the G1 checkpoint, also known as the Start or restriction checkpoint or Major Checkpoint; the G2/M checkpoint; and the metaphase-to-anaphase transition, also known as the spindle checkpoint.
Vésicule (biologie)En biologie cellulaire, une vésicule cytoplasmique est un organite relativement petit, séparé du cytosol par au moins une bicouche lipidique (similaire à la membrane cytoplasmique). Elle fait partie du cytoplasme, et circule dans le cytosol où elle peut stocker, transporter ou encore digérer des produits et des déchets cellulaires. Les vésicules cytoplasmiques constituent un outil basique permettant à la cellule de gérer son métabolisme.
Division cellulairethumb|upright=1.2| Schémas des différents types de divisions cellulaires. La division cellulaire est le mode de multiplication de toute cellule. Elle lui permet de se diviser en plusieurs cellules (deux le plus souvent). C'est donc un processus fondamental dans le monde vivant, puisqu'il est nécessaire à la régénération de tout organisme. Chez les Eucaryotes — caractérisés principalement par des cellules qui possèdent un noyau — il y a deux types de division cellulaire : La mitose qui n'autorise qu'une multiplication asexuée; elle permet la régénération d'un organe, et aussi la croissance.
Mating of yeastThe yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a simple single-celled eukaryote with both a diploid and haploid mode of existence. The mating of yeast only occurs between haploids, which can be either the a or α (alpha) mating type and thus display simple sexual differentiation. Mating type is determined by a single locus, MAT, which in turn governs the sexual behaviour of both haploid and diploid cells. Through a form of genetic recombination, haploid yeast can switch mating type as often as every cell cycle. S.
Chromosome segregationChromosome segregation is the process in eukaryotes by which two sister chromatids formed as a consequence of DNA replication, or paired homologous chromosomes, separate from each other and migrate to opposite poles of the nucleus. This segregation process occurs during both mitosis and meiosis. Chromosome segregation also occurs in prokaryotes. However, in contrast to eukaryotic chromosome segregation, replication and segregation are not temporally separated. Instead segregation occurs progressively following replication.
Mitotic catastropheMitotic catastrophe has been defined as either a cellular mechanism to prevent potentially cancerous cells from proliferating or as a mode of cellular death that occurs following improper cell cycle progression or entrance. Mitotic catastrophe can be induced by prolonged activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint, errors in mitosis, or DNA damage and functioned to prevent genomic instability. It is a mechanism that is being researched as a potential therapeutic target in cancers, and numerous approved therapeutics induce mitotic catastrophe.
Système endomembranaireLe système endomembranaire se compose des différentes membranes internes qui sont en suspension dans le cytoplasme d'une cellule eucaryote. Ces membranes divisent la cellule en compartiments fonctionnels et structurels appelés organites. Chez les eucaryotes, les organites du système endomembranaire comprennent : la partie externe de la membrane nucléaire, le réticulum endoplasmique, l'appareil de Golgi, les lysosomes, les vacuoles, les vésicules et des endosomes.
Mating in fungiFungi are a diverse group of organisms that employ a huge variety of reproductive strategies, ranging from fully asexual to almost exclusively sexual species. Most species can reproduce both sexually and asexually, alternating between haploid and diploid forms. This contrasts with many eukaryotes such as mammals, where the adults are always diploid and produce haploid gametes which combine to form the next generation.
Aurora kinase AAurora kinase A also known as serine/threonine-protein kinase 6 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AURKA gene. Aurora A is a member of a family of mitotic serine/threonine kinases. It is implicated with important processes during mitosis and meiosis whose proper function is integral for healthy cell proliferation. Aurora A is activated by one or more phosphorylations and its activity peaks during the G2 phase to M phase transition in the cell cycle. The aurora kinases were first identified in 1990 during a cDNA screen of Xenopus eggs.
CaryogamieLa caryogamie est la phase durant laquelle fusionnent les deux pronuclei (mâle et femelle) au sein de l'ovocyte pour former la cellule œuf diploïde. Chez les mammifères, les pronuclei comportent lors de la fécondation des chromosomes monochromatidiens. Les pronuclei se rapprochent, et leurs enveloppes forment des interdigitations. Pendant cette phase a lieu la réplication de l'ADN dans chacun des pronuclei, ce qui conduit donc à des chromosomes bichromatidiens. Chez les angiospermes, c'est la fusion des noyaux des gamètes mâle et femelle.
