Rotation (physique)En cinématique, l'étude des corps en rotation est une branche fondamentale de la physique du solide et particulièrement de la dynamique, y compris de la dynamique des fluides, qui complète celle du mouvement de translation. L'analyse du mouvement de rotation se prolonge y compris aux échelles atomiques, avec la dynamique moléculaire et l'étude de la fonction d'onde en mécanique quantique.
Quaternions et rotation dans l'espaceLes quaternions unitaires fournissent une notation mathématique commode pour représenter l'orientation et la rotation d'objets en trois dimensions. Comparés aux angles d'Euler, ils sont plus simples à composer et évitent le problème du blocage de cardan. Comparés aux matrices de rotations, ils sont plus stables numériquement et peuvent se révéler plus efficaces. Les quaternions ont été adoptés dans des applications en infographie, robotique, navigation, dynamique moléculaire et en mécanique spatiale des satellites.
Rotation vectorielleSoit E un espace vectoriel euclidien. Une rotation vectorielle de E est un élément du groupe spécial orthogonal SO(E). Si on choisit une base orthonormée de E, sa matrice dans cette base est orthogonale directe. Matrice de rotation Dans le plan vectoriel euclidien orienté, une rotation vectorielle est simplement définie par son angle . Sa matrice dans une base orthonormée directe est : Autrement dit, un vecteur de composantes a pour image le vecteur de composantes que l'on peut calculer avec l'égalité matricielle : c'est-à-dire que l'on a : et Si par exemple et , désigne un des angles du triangle rectangle de côtés 3, 4 et 5.
Numerical linear algebraNumerical linear algebra, sometimes called applied linear algebra, is the study of how matrix operations can be used to create computer algorithms which efficiently and accurately provide approximate answers to questions in continuous mathematics. It is a subfield of numerical analysis, and a type of linear algebra. Computers use floating-point arithmetic and cannot exactly represent irrational data, so when a computer algorithm is applied to a matrix of data, it can sometimes increase the difference between a number stored in the computer and the true number that it is an approximation of.
Rotation en quatre dimensionsEn mathématiques, les rotations en quatre dimensions (souvent appelées simplement rotations 4D) sont des transformations de l'espace euclidien , généralisant la notion de rotation ordinaire dans l'espace usuel ; on les définit comme des isométries directes ayant un point fixe (qu'on peut prendre comme origine, identifiant les rotations aux rotations vectorielles) ; le groupe de ces rotations est noté SO(4) : il est en effet isomorphe au groupe spécial orthogonal d'ordre 4.
3D rotation groupIn mechanics and geometry, the 3D rotation group, often denoted SO(3), is the group of all rotations about the origin of three-dimensional Euclidean space under the operation of composition. By definition, a rotation about the origin is a transformation that preserves the origin, Euclidean distance (so it is an isometry), and orientation (i.e., handedness of space). Composing two rotations results in another rotation, every rotation has a unique inverse rotation, and the identity map satisfies the definition of a rotation.
Rotation formalisms in three dimensionsIn geometry, various formalisms exist to express a rotation in three dimensions as a mathematical transformation. In physics, this concept is applied to classical mechanics where rotational (or angular) kinematics is the science of quantitative description of a purely rotational motion. The orientation of an object at a given instant is described with the same tools, as it is defined as an imaginary rotation from a reference placement in space, rather than an actually observed rotation from a previous placement in space.
Numerical methods for linear least squaresNumerical methods for linear least squares entails the numerical analysis of linear least squares problems. A general approach to the least squares problem can be described as follows. Suppose that we can find an n by m matrix S such that XS is an orthogonal projection onto the image of X. Then a solution to our minimization problem is given by simply because is exactly a sought for orthogonal projection of onto an image of X (see the picture below and note that as explained in the next section the image of X is just a subspace generated by column vectors of X).
PrecodingPrecoding is a generalization of beamforming to support multi-stream (or multi-layer) transmission in multi-antenna wireless communications. In conventional single-stream beamforming, the same signal is emitted from each of the transmit antennas with appropriate weighting (phase and gain) such that the signal power is maximized at the receiver output. When the receiver has multiple antennas, single-stream beamforming cannot simultaneously maximize the signal level at all of the receive antennas.
Spatial multiplexingSpatial multiplexing or space-division multiplexing (SM, SDM or SMX) is a multiplexing technique in MIMO wireless communication, fibre-optic communication and other communications technologies used to transmit independent channels separated in space. In fibre-optic communication SDM refers to the usage of the transverse dimension of the fibre to separate the channels. Multi-core fibres are fibres designed with more than a single core.
