Heteroskedasticity-consistent standard errorsThe topic of heteroskedasticity-consistent (HC) standard errors arises in statistics and econometrics in the context of linear regression and time series analysis. These are also known as heteroskedasticity-robust standard errors (or simply robust standard errors), Eicker–Huber–White standard errors (also Huber–White standard errors or White standard errors), to recognize the contributions of Friedhelm Eicker, Peter J. Huber, and Halbert White.
Bayes estimatorIn estimation theory and decision theory, a Bayes estimator or a Bayes action is an estimator or decision rule that minimizes the posterior expected value of a loss function (i.e., the posterior expected loss). Equivalently, it maximizes the posterior expectation of a utility function. An alternative way of formulating an estimator within Bayesian statistics is maximum a posteriori estimation. Suppose an unknown parameter is known to have a prior distribution .
Point estimationIn statistics, point estimation involves the use of sample data to calculate a single value (known as a point estimate since it identifies a point in some parameter space) which is to serve as a "best guess" or "best estimate" of an unknown population parameter (for example, the population mean). More formally, it is the application of a point estimator to the data to obtain a point estimate. Point estimation can be contrasted with interval estimation: such interval estimates are typically either confidence intervals, in the case of frequentist inference, or credible intervals, in the case of Bayesian inference.
Méthode des moments (statistiques)La méthode des moments est un outil d'estimation intuitif qui date du début des statistiques. Elle consiste à estimer les paramètres recherchés en égalisant certains moments théoriques (qui dépendent de ces paramètres) avec leurs contreparties empiriques. L'égalisation se justifie par la loi des grands nombres qui implique que l'on peut "approcher" une espérance mathématique par une moyenne empirique. On est donc amené à résoudre un système d'équations. On suppose que l'échantillon X1,...
Empirical probabilityIn probability theory and statistics, the empirical probability, relative frequency, or experimental probability of an event is the ratio of the number of outcomes in which a specified event occurs to the total number of trials, i.e., by means not of a theoretical sample space but of an actual experiment. More generally, empirical probability estimates probabilities from experience and observation. Given an event A in a sample space, the relative frequency of A is the ratio \tfrac m n, m being the number of outcomes in which the event A occurs, and n being the total number of outcomes of the experiment.
Probabilité a posterioriDans le théorème de Bayes, la probabilité a posteriori désigne la probabilité recalculée ou remesurée qu'un évènement ait lieu en prenant en considération une nouvelle information. Autrement dit, la probabilité a posteriori est la probabilité qu'un évènement A ait lieu étant donné que l'évènement B a eu lieu. Elle s'oppose à la probabilité a priori dans l'inférence bayésienne. La loi a priori qu'un évènement ait lieu avec vraisemblance est .
Moyenne pondéréeLa moyenne pondérée est la moyenne d'un certain nombre de valeurs affectées de coefficients. En statistiques, considérant un ensemble de données et les coefficients, ou poids, correspondants, de somme non nulle, la moyenne pondérée est calculée suivant la formule : quotient de la somme pondérée des par la somme des poids soit Il s'agit donc du barycentre du système . Lorsque tous les poids sont égaux, la moyenne pondérée est identique à la moyenne arithmétique.
Generalized least squaresIn statistics, generalized least squares (GLS) is a method used to estimate the unknown parameters in a linear regression model when there is a certain degree of correlation between the residuals in the regression model. Least squares and weighted least squares may need to be more statistically efficient and prevent misleading inferences. GLS was first described by Alexander Aitken in 1935. In standard linear regression models one observes data on n statistical units.
Errors-in-variables modelsIn statistics, errors-in-variables models or measurement error models are regression models that account for measurement errors in the independent variables. In contrast, standard regression models assume that those regressors have been measured exactly, or observed without error; as such, those models account only for errors in the dependent variables, or responses. In the case when some regressors have been measured with errors, estimation based on the standard assumption leads to inconsistent estimates, meaning that the parameter estimates do not tend to the true values even in very large samples.
Computational electromagneticsComputational electromagnetics (CEM), computational electrodynamics or electromagnetic modeling is the process of modeling the interaction of electromagnetic fields with physical objects and the environment. It typically involves using computer programs to compute approximate solutions to Maxwell's equations to calculate antenna performance, electromagnetic compatibility, radar cross section and electromagnetic wave propagation when not in free space.
